Comprehensive psychological and neurological rehabilitation for post-stroke depression: A retrospective comparative study with biomarker exploration

Table 3 Primary and secondary efficacy outcomes at 6 and 12 weeks, mean ± SD/n (%)

Outcome measure	CRG (n = 96)	CG (n = 82)	P value	Effect size (Cohen’s d)
Primary outcomes
HAMD-17 at 6 weeks	10.5 ± 3.8	15.8 ± 4.2	< 0.001	1.34
HAMD-17 at 12 weeks	7.2 ± 3.4	13.8 ± 4.6	< 0.001	1.67
ΔHAMD-17 (baseline to 12 weeks)	-11.0 ± 4.2	-4.8 ± 3.5	< 0.001	1.62
Remission rate (HAMD-17 < 7)	65 (67.7)	24 (29.3)	< 0.001
SDS score at 12 weeks	42.5 ± 7.8	55.2 ± 9.5	< 0.001	1.51
Secondary outcomes
FMA at 12 weeks	78.5 ± 14.2	58.3 ± 16.8	< 0.001	1.31
MBI at 12 weeks	76.8 ± 13.5	58.6 ± 15.2	< 0.001	1.27
NIHSS at 12 weeks	2.4 ± 1.8	5.4 ± 2.2	< 0.001	1.50
MoCA at 12 weeks	24.8 ± 3.5	21.5 ± 4.2	< 0.001	0.85
SS-QOL at 12 weeks	168.5 ± 28.5	142.3 ± 30.2	< 0.001	0.89
FSS at 12 weeks	28.5 ± 8.2	38.2 ± 9.5	< 0.001	1.09

CRG: Comprehensive rehabilitation group; CG: Control group; HAMD-17: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17; SDS: Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale; FMA: Fugl-Meyer Assessment; MBI: Modified Barthel Index; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; SS-QOL: Stroke-Specific Quality of Life; FSS: Fatigue Severity Scale.