Influence of mental and psychological states on surgical outcomes following open reduction and internal fixation for trimalleolar ankle fractures

Table 3 Multivariable linear regression analysis of factors associated with postoperative outcomes

Outcome	Variable	β (95%CI)	Standardized β	P value
Postoperative VAS
	Group (anxiety/depression vs control)	8.48 (5.17-11.79)	0.28	< 0.01
	Preoperative VAS	0.21 (0.12-0.30)	0.22	< 0.01
	Sex (female vs male)	2.18 (-0.84 to 5.20)	0.06	0.16
	Age	-0.03 (-0.08 to 0.02)	-0.05	0.24
	BMI	0.12 (-0.15 to 0.39)	0.04	0.39
	Follow-up time	-0.01 (-0.04 to 0.02)	-0.02	0.60
Postoperative AOFAS
	Group (anxiety/depression vs control)	-3.12 (-4.79 to -1.45)	-0.19	< 0.01
	Preoperative AOFAS	0.18 (0.09-0.27)	0.16	< 0.01
	Sex (female vs male)	-1.40 (-3.13 to 0.33)	-0.07	0.11
	Age	0.01 (-0.03 to 0.05)	0.02	0.65
	BMI	-0.08 (-0.28 to 0.12)	-0.04	0.44
	Follow-up time	0.02 (-0.01 to 0.05)	0.04	0.31
Postoperative CSI
	Group (anxiety/depression vs control)	2.92 (1.89-3.95)	0.37	< 0.01
	Preoperative VAS	0.08 (0.04-0.12)	0.22	< 0.01
	Sex (female vs male)	0.43 (-0.60 to 1.46)	0.05	0.41
	Age	-0.01 (-0.04 to 0.02)	-0.04	0.55
	BMI	0.05 (-0.08 to 0.18)	0.04	0.45
	Follow-up time	-0.01 (-0.03 to 0.01)	-0.03	0.49
Postoperative EQ-5D-5 L
	Group (anxiety/depression vs control)	-3.38 (-4.81 to -1.95)	-0.25	< 0.001
	Preoperative VAS	-0.12 (-0.19 to -0.05)	-0.18	< 0.001
	Sex (female vs male)	-0.82 (-2.32 to 0.68)	-0.05	0.28
	Age	0.02 (-0.01 to 0.05)	0.05	0.21
	BMI	-0.06 (-0.22 to 0.10)	-0.04	0.46
	Follow-up time	0.01 (-0.01 to 0.03)	0.02	0.53

CI: Confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; AOFAS: American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society Forefoot Score; CSI: Central Sensitization Inventory; EQ-5D-5 L: EuroQol Five Dimensions Five Levels.