Influence of mental and psychological states on surgical outcomes following open reduction and internal fixation for trimalleolar ankle fractures

Table 1 Baseline data of patients, mean ± SD/median (interquartile range)

Variables	Group A (n = 231)		Group B (n = 236)		t/Z/χ2	P value	Group difference (95%CI)	Effect size (95%CI)
	Male	Female	Male	Female
Sex	79 (34.20)	152 (65.80)	136 (57.63)	100 (42.37)	-5.07	< 0.01
Age (years)	43.00 (32.00, 57.00)		40.50 (31.00, 59.00)		-0.18	0.86	Med diff: -3.00 (-3.00 to 0.00)	r: -0.01 (-0.01 to 0.00)
BMI (kg/m2)	23.07 ± 3.49		23.45 ± 3.13		-1.25	0.21	MD: -0.38 (-0.99 to 0.22)	Cohen’s d: -0.12 (-0.30 to 0.07)
Follow-up time (months)	43.00 (32.00, 60.00)		43.50 (35.00, 60.00)		0.70	0.48	Med diff: -1.00 (-4.00 to 2.00)	r: 0.03 (-0.06 to 0.13)
Preoperative VAS	63.00 (55.00, 70.00)		57.00 (49.00, 66.00)		-4.31	< 0.01	Med diff: 5.00 (3.00-8.00)	r: -0.20 (-0.30 to -0.10)
Preoperative HADS-A	8.00 (7.00, 9.00)		5.00 (4.00, 6.00)		-16.90	< 0.01	Med diff: 3.00 (3.00-4.00)	r: -0.78 (-0.83 to -0.72)
Preoperative HADS-D	7.00 (7.00, 9.00)		5.00 (3.00, 5.00)		-17.40	< 0.01	Med diff: 4.00 (4.00-4.00)	r: -0.80 (-0.85 to -0.75)

CI: Confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression; Med diff: Median difference; MD: Mean difference; r: Rank-biserial correlation.