Neurobiological mechanisms and clinical implications of scene perception impairment in schizophrenia

Figure 2 A multilevel pathological model of scene perception impairment in schizophrenia. This figure summarizes a multilevel analytical framework for scene perception impairment in schizophrenia, integrating behavioral phenotypes, electrophysiological abnormalities, visual pathway and large-scale network dysfunction, structural magnetic resonance imaging alterations, as well as molecular and cellular mechanisms. This model elucidates how abnormalities across the aforementioned levels interact synergistically to impair scene understanding capacity and trigger related functional dysfunctions in patients with schizophrenia. Solid arrows indicate hierarchical cascade propagation between levels, while dashed arrows represent cross-level feedback and regulation. This framework represents an integrated model based on existing research evidence, rather than a strictly linear causal sequence. vMMN: Visual mismatch negativity; LPP: Late positive potential; dmPFC: Dorso-medial prefrontal cortex; pSTS: Posterior superior temporal sulcus; ACC: Anterior cingulate cortex; DMN: Default mode network; MT+: Middle temporal visual areacomplex; NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; PV: Parvalbumin.