Neurobiological mechanisms and clinical implications of scene perception impairment in schizophrenia

Table 2 Functional neuroimaging performance: Hierarchical visual processing, effective connection and naturalistic paradigm

Ref.	Imaging focus	Main findings	Relevance to scene perception	Level of evidence
[3]	Third visual pathway/MT+/pSTS	Real and implied movement of activation means less sensitive to exercise social perception and processing	Disturbances in support of the process of translating dynamic visual input into socially meaningful scene information	Task functional magnetic resonance imaging
[7]	Dynamic causal models during gaze processing	Abnormal top-down effective connectivity from the dmPFC to the pSTS and inferior parietal regions has been linked to symptoms and social functioning	Provides direct evidence that feedforward feedback coordination is disrupted	Effective connectivity research
[20]	Lateral occipital cortex dynamic connectivity	LOC connectivity is abnormally reconfigured during resting and task states	During the prompt changes in the demand of the scene, unstable coordinate object processing hub	Dynamic connectivity research
[21]	Natural fMRI of first-episode psychosis	Movie-like stimulation reveals alterations in whole-brain connectivity and network topology in the early stages of psychosis	Improve ecological validity and complement task-based findings	Natural fMRI
[22-25]	ACC, DMN, salience, executive control, and coupling studies	Large-scale connectivity impairments reduce coordination between sensory input, salience allocation, and internal guidance control	This explains why scene interpretation fails even when some visual information is retained	Network-level human body imaging

MT+: Middle temporal visual area complex; pSTS: Posterior temporal channel; dmPFC: Dorso-medial prefrontal cortex; LOC: The lateral occipital cortex; fMRI: Functional magnetic resonance imaging; ACC: Anterior cingulate cortex; DMN: Default mode network.