Development and validation of a prediction model for non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy and neuropsychological assessment

Table 3 Comparison of neuropsychological assessment results between two groups, mean ± SD

Scale and dimension	NSSI group (n = 156)	Control group (n = 156)	t value	P value
DERS total score	112.5 ± 18.6	72.8 ± 15.2	20.25	< 0.001
Difficulty in emotional awareness	16.8 ± 4.2	12.5 ± 3.5	9.62	< 0.001
Lack of emotional clarity	14.2 ± 3.8	10.2 ± 3.2	9.86	< 0.001
Non-acceptance of emotional responses	18.5 ± 4.5	11.8 ± 3.6	14.25	< 0.001
Limited access to strategies	22.6 ± 5.2	14.5 ± 4.2	14.86	< 0.001
Impulse control difficulties	18.2 ± 4.8	11.2 ± 3.5	14.38	< 0.001
Difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors	17.5 ± 4.2	12.6 ± 3.8	10.52	< 0.001
CTQ total score	52.8 ± 14.5	35.6 ± 10.2	11.86	< 0.001
Emotional abuse	10.5 ± 3.8	7.2 ± 2.5	8.86	< 0.001
Physical abuse	7.8 ± 3.2	5.8 ± 1.8	6.62	< 0.001
Emotional neglect	15.6 ± 4.5	10.2 ± 3.2	11.86	< 0.001
Physical neglect	10.2 ± 3.5	7.5 ± 2.6	7.52	< 0.001
BIS-11 total score	75.2 ± 11.5	58.6 ± 9.8	13.52	< 0.001
Attentional impulsiveness	18.5 ± 4.2	14.2 ± 3.5	9.62	< 0.001
Motor impulsiveness	24.6 ± 5.5	18.2 ± 4.2	11.25	< 0.001
Non-planning impulsiveness	28.5 ± 5.8	22.5 ± 4.8	9.72	< 0.001
ASLEC total score	48.6 ± 15.2	28.5 ± 10.5	13.25	< 0.001
Interpersonal relationships	12.8 ± 4.5	7.2 ± 3.2	12.35	< 0.001
Academic pressure	11.5 ± 3.8	6.8 ± 2.5	12.42	< 0.001

NSSI: Non-suicidal self-injury; DERS: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; CTQ: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; BIS-11: Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11; ASLEC: Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist.