Epidemiology and associated factors of screening-identified dysphagia risk in psychiatric inpatients

doi:10.5498/wjp.118764

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Psychiatry. Aug 19, 2026; 16(8): 118764
Published online Aug 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.118764

Table 1 Clinical and demographic characteristics of the low-risk group and moderate-to-severe risk group, n (%)

Characteristics	Low-risk group (n = 2357)	Moderate-to-severe risk group (n = 57)	Z/χ²	P value
Sex			0.06	0.812
Male	905 (38.4)	21 (36.8)
Female	1452 (61.6)	36 (63.2)
Age (year), mean ± SD	42.38 ± 18.40	58.81 ± 21.66	-5.56	< 0.001^a
Age group (years)			34.37	< 0.001^a
0-17	239 (10.1)	2 (3.5)
18-44	1072 (45.5)	12 (21.1)
45-59	612 (26.0)	16 (28.1)
≥ 60	434 (18.4)	27 (47.4)
Marital status			12.24	0.007^a
Unmarried	658 (27.9)	10 (17.5)
Married	1588 (67.4)	43 (75.4)
Divorced	87 (3.7)	1 (1.8)
Widowed	24 (1.0)	3 (5.3)
Occupation			15.61	0.008^a
Student	324 (13.7)	2 (3.5)
Worker	63 (2.7)	2 (3.5)
Farmer	321 (13.6)	10 (17.5)
Employee	216 (9.2)	10 (17.5)
Unemployed person	1337 (56.7)	27 (47.4)
Retiree	96 (4.1)	6 (10.5)
Education			9.65	0.047^a
Illiteracy	332 (14.1)	16 (28.1)
Elementary school	529 (22.4)	12 (21.1)
Junior high school	808 (34.3)	18 (31.6)
Senior high school	410 (17.4)	7 (12.3)
University	278 (11.8)	4 (7.0)
BMI (kg/m²)	24.49 ± 6.08	24.50 ± 3.51	-0.33	0.745
Length of hospital stay (days), mean ± SD	59.81 ± 85.55	98.12 ± 220.49	-1.10	0.271
Duration of illness (months), mean ± SD	109.92 ± 125.85	138.22 ± 143.62	-0.96	0.337
Number of episodes, mean ± SD	2.64 ± 2.11	3.05 ± 2.52	-1.35	0.177
Diagnosis			10.02	0.187
Depression	523 (22.2)	17 (29.8)
Schizophrenia	529 (22.4)	18 (31.6)
Bipolar disorder	519 (22.0)	11 (19.3)
Intellectual disabilities	124 (5.3)	3 (5.3)
Dissociative disorders	161 (6.8)	3 (5.3)
Anxiety disorders	51 (2.2)	2 (3.5)
Mental and behavioral disorders due to use of alcohol	286 (12.1)	2 (3.5)
Other mental disorders	164 (7.0)	1 (2.2)
Medication
Antipsychotics	1827 (77.5)	47 (82.5)	0.78	0.376
Antidepressants	936 (39.7)	22 (38.6)	0.29	0.865
Anxiolytics	280 (11.9)	11 (19.3)	2.89	0.089
Mood stabilizers	937 (39.8)	16 (28.1)	3.18	0.075
Antiepileptic drugs	509 (21.6)	12 (21.1)	0.01	0.922
Benzodiazepines	862 (36.6)	22 (38.6)	0.10	0.754
Somatic comorbidity
Hypertension	341 (14.5)	13 (22.8)	3.08	0.079
Coronary heart disease	181 (7.7)	14 (24.6)	21.33	< 0.001^a
Myocardial ischemia	379 (16.1)	11 (19.3)	0.43	0.514
Inflammatory indicators, mean ± SD
NLR	2.32 ± 1.84	2.08 ± 1.20	-1.01	0.311
PLR	145.85 ± 85.11	135.06 ± 60.83	-0.91	0.365
MLR	0.27 ± 0.20	0.24 ± 0.12	-0.70	0.483
NMR	9.84 ± 6.20	9.85 ± 5.34	-0.06	0.949
SII	522.48 ± 490.67	474.87 ± 299.28	-1.24	0.215
Thyroid function, mean ± SD
T3	1.58 ± 0.40	1.54 ± 0.31	-0.75	0.457
T4	96.18 ± 28.53	104.00 ± 28.22	-2.09	0.036^a
FT4	16.12 ± 3.96	16.46 ± 3.34	-1.42	0.156
FT3	4.78 ± 1.06	4.56 ± 0.63	-1.56	0.118
TSH	2.54 ± 3.05	6.80 ± 22.04	-1.06	0.291

^aP < 0.05.

BMI: Body mass index; PLR: Platelet-lymphocyte ratio; NLR: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; NMR: Neutrophil-monocyte ratio; MLR: Monocyte-lymphocyte ratio; SII: Systemic immune-inflammation index; T3: Triiodothyronine; T4: Thyroxine; FT4: Free thyroxine; FT3: Free triiodothyronine; TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone.

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Citation: Liu ZQ, Feng YQ, Fu CY, Wang JH, Zhang KX, Yuan XC, Li R, Zhang CC, Huang GH, Zhang YB, Li K. Epidemiology and associated factors of screening-identified dysphagia risk in psychiatric inpatients. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(8): 118764
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v16/i8/118764.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.118764

Liu ZQ, Feng YQ, Fu CY, Wang JH, Zhang KX, Yuan XC, Li R, Zhang CC, Huang GH, Zhang YB, Li K. Epidemiology and associated factors of screening-identified dysphagia risk in psychiatric inpatients. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(8): 118764 [DOI: 10.5498/wjp.118764]

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