Factors influencing non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents with mood disorders: Focusing on gender differences and only-child vs non-only-child disparities

Table 1 Univariate analysis of non-suicidal self-injury behavior in adolescents with mood disorders, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variables	NSSI group (n = 448)	Non-NSSI group (n = 172)	t/χ2	P value
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age (years)	15.36 ± 1.82	16.12 ± 1.75	-4.58	< 0.001
Gender			12.63	< 0.001
Male	126 (28.13)	68 (39.53)
Female	322 (71.82)	104 (60.47)
Sibling status			8.95	0.003
Only-child	296 (66.07)	92 (53.49)
Non-only-child	152 (33.93)	80 (46.52)
Family monthly income			15.72	0.001
< 5000	108 (24.11)	22 (12.79)
5000-10000	212 (47.32)	86 (50.00)
> 10000	128 (28.57)	64 (37.21)
Parental marital status			10.37	0.001
Married	364 (81.2500)	150 (87.2093)
Divorced/remarried	84 (18.7500)	22 (12.7907)
Parental education level			14.89	< 0.001
≤ High school	204 (45.5357)	58 (33.7209)
> High school	244 (54.4643)	114 (66.2791)
Residential area			1.70	0.184
Urban	312 (69.6429)	126 (73.2558)
Rural	136 (30.3571)	46 (26.7442)
Clinical factors
Duration of mood disorder (months)	14.82 ± 6.35	11.26 ± 5.87	6.73	< 0.001
Comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms	186 (41.5179)	42 (24.4186)	15.28	< 0.001
Psychological assessments
SCS self-warmth	31.85 ± 7.62	37.42 ± 8.15	-7.84	< 0.001
SCS self-coldness	51.63 ± 8.24	45.38 ± 7.96	8.36	< 0.001
ERQ cognitive reappraisal	20.76 ± 6.43	25.89 ± 6.71	-9.21	< 0.001
ERQ expressive suppression	17.58 ± 5.12	16.24 ± 4.87	3.02	0.002
K-10 score	36.82 ± 7.45	29.35 ± 6.98	11.54	< 0.001
CTQ total score	53.76 ± 10.82	45.21 ± 9.76	8.97	< 0.001
Family functioning
FACES III cohesion	42.38 ± 8.56	48.65 ± 9.12	-7.53	< 0.001
FACES III adaptability	38.74 ± 7.93	44.21 ± 8.45	-7.01	< 0.001

NSSI: Non-suicidal self-injury; SCS: Self-Compassion Scale; ERQ: Emotion Regulation Questionnaire; K-10: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; CTQ: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; FACES: Family Adaptation and Cohesion Evaluation Scales.