Incidence, risk factors, and correlation with organ involvement of psychological disorders in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome

Figure 3 Forest plot of univariate logistic regression analysis for risk factors of psychological disorders in Sjögren’s syndrome patients. Univariate logistic regression analysis identified seven significant risk factors for psychological disorders (PD) in Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) patients, including demographic characteristics (age ≥ 50 years, female gender), disease-related factors [disease duration ≥ 5 years, European League Against Rheumatism SS Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI) ≥ 12 points], and socioeconomic factors (retirement/unemployment, rural residence, family history of autoimmune diseases). Among these factors, ESSDAI ≥ 12 points demonstrated the strongest association with PDs [odds ratio (OR) = 3.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.98-5.20, P < 0.001], followed by female gender (OR = 2.45) and disease duration ≥ 5 years (OR = 2.14), suggesting that disease activity, demographic characteristics, and chronic disease progression are key determinants of psychological health in SS patients. ESSDAI: European League Against Rheumatism Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.