Tardive dyskinesia-depression association in Chinese patients with chronic schizophrenia: The mediating role of insomnia and gender differences

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of chronic schizophrenia patients with or without tardive dyskinesia, n (%)

		TD (n = 312)	Non-TD (n = 357)	χ2/Z	P value
Gender	Male	202 (64.7)	255 (71.4)	3.438	0.064
	Female	110 (35.3)	102 (28.6)
Marital status	Unmarried	186 (59.8)	233 (65.3)	2.604	0.272
	Married	74 (23.8)	68 (19.0)
	Others (divorced or widowed)	51 (16.4)	56 (15.7)
Smoking history	No	187 (59.9)	201 (56.1)	0.298	0.585
	Yes	186 (40.1)	157 (43.9)
Diabetes	No	260 (83.3)	328 (91.9)	11.420	< 0.001
	Yes	52 (16.7)	29 (8.1)
Hypertension	No	301 (96.5)	345 (96.6)	0.014	0.907
	Yes	11 (3.5)	12 (3.4)
Family history	No	248 (80.3)	286 (80.6)	0.010	0.921
	Yes	61 (19.7)	69 (19.4)
Suicidal ideation	No	243 (82.4)	270 (84.4)	0.445	0.505
	Yes	52 (17.6)	50 (15.6)
Age		48 (37, 56)	41 (30, 53)	4.028	< 0.001
Education (years)		8 (8, 11)	8 (8, 11)	2.282	0.023
Age of onset		23 (19, 28.3)	23 (19, 28)	0.948	0.343
BMI		23.6 (20.9, 27.0)	23.8 (21.1, 26.8)	0.646	0.518
Positive symptoms		18 (12, 23)	15 (10, 21)	3.704	< 0.001
Negative symptoms		25 (19, 29)	22 (16, 28)	3.616	< 0.001
General psychopathology		38 (29.8, 49)	35 (28, 42)	5.393	< 0.001
Total scores		81.5 (64, 99)	72 (60, 86)	5.465	< 0.001
RBANS		61 (52.8, 72)	64 (54, 76)	2.328	0.020
ISI		2 (0, 5)	1 (0, 4)	3.262	0.001
HAMD total score		7 (3, 12)	6 (2, 10)	2.042	0.041
Anxiety somatization		2 (1, 3)	2 (1, 3)	2.229	0.026
Weight loss		0 (0, 0)	0 (0, 0)	0.685	0.493
Cognitive disturbances		1 (0, 3)	1 (0, 2)	2.682	0.007
Diurnal variation		0 (0, 0)	0 (0, 0)	5.781	< 0.001
Psychomotor retardation		2 (0.75, 3)	1 (0, 3)	2.002	0.045
Insomnia		0 (0, 1)	0 (0, 2)	0.856	0.392
Hopelessness		1 (0, 2)	0 (0, 2)	1.939	0.053

TD: Tardive dyskinesia; BMI: Body mass index; RBANS: Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; ISI: Insomnia Severity Index; HAMD: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.