Continuous stellate ganglion block for neurovascular headache and associated anxiety and depression

Table 3 Comprehensive clinical outcomes following treatment, mean ± SD

Outcome measure	Baseline	1 week	1 month	3 months	F value	P value
Headache frequency (times/month)	12.3 ± 4.5	7.8 ± 3.6b	5.1 ± 3.2a,b	5.6 ± 3.4b	178.56	< 0.001
Episode duration (hours)	8.7 ± 5.2	5.3 ± 4.1b	4.2 ± 3.6a,b	4.5 ± 3.8b	89.43	< 0.001
VAS pain score	6.8 ± 1.2	3.5 ± 1.4b	2.9 ± 1.3a,b	3.2 ± 1.5b	412.67	< 0.001
Acute medication use (times/month)	9.8 ± 4.2	5.2 ± 3.1b	3.4 ± 2.3a,b	3.8 ± 2.6b	245.89	< 0.001
SAS anxiety score	52.4 ± 8.3	47.6 ± 7.8b	43.8 ± 7.2a,b	44.9 ± 7.6b	134.28	< 0.001
SDS depression score	55.1 ± 9.2	49.8 ± 8.6b	45.3 ± 8.1a,b	46.7 ± 8.4b	121.56	< 0.001
HIT-6 score	64.5 ± 6.8	57.9 ± 7.1b	53.6 ± 6.4a,b	54.8 ± 6.7b	256.34	< 0.001
Sleep quality score (PSQI)	11.8 ± 3.4	9.2 ± 2.9b	7.6 ± 2.5a,b	8.1 ± 2.7b	167.92	< 0.001
Work productivity loss (%)	42.3 ± 12.6	28.7 ± 10.4b	21.5 ± 9.2a,b	23.8 ± 9.8b	198.45	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs 1-week post-treatment.

^bP < 0.001 vs baseline.

VAS: Visual Analog Scale; SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale; HIT-6: Headache Impact Test-6; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.