Continuous stellate ganglion block for neurovascular headache and associated anxiety and depression

Table 2 Dynamic changes in pain intensity and clinical outcomes, mean ± SD

Outcome measure	Baseline	1 week	1 month	3 months	F value	P value
VAS score	6.8 ± 1.2	3.2 ± 1.5b	2.8 ± 1.4a,b	3.1 ± 1.6b	486.32	< 0.001
Headache frequency (times/month)	12.3 ± 4.5	6.8 ± 3.2b	5.2 ± 2.8a,b	5.6 ± 3.1b	312.45	< 0.001
Episode duration (hours)	8.7 ± 5.2	4.9 ± 3.1b	3.6 ± 2.4a,b	3.9 ± 2.7b	128.67	< 0.001
SAS score	52.4 ± 8.3	46.8 ± 7.6b	43.2 ± 7.1a,b	44.1 ± 7.5b	156.89	< 0.001
SDS score	55.1 ± 9.2	48.6 ± 8.4b	44.8 ± 7.9a,b	45.9 ± 8.2b	142.34	< 0.001
HIT-6 score	64.5 ± 6.8	56.2 ± 7.2b	52.3 ± 6.5a,b	53.8 ± 6.9b	287.91	< 0.001
Acute medication use (times/month)	9.8 ± 4.2	4.6 ± 2.8b	3.1 ± 2.1a,b	3.5 ± 2.4b	268.73	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs 1-week post-treatment.

^bP < 0.001 vs baseline.

VAS: Visual Analog Scale; SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale; HIT-6: Headache Impact Test-6.