Continuous stellate ganglion block for neurovascular headache and associated anxiety and depression

Table 1 Baseline characteristics and clinical features, mean ± SD/n (%)/median (interquartile rage)

Characteristic	Total (n = 126)	Statistics
Demographic characteristics
Age (years)	42.3 ± 11.8	Range: 18-68
Gender
Female	94 (74.6)
Male	32 (25.4)
Body mass index (kg/m2)	23.6 ± 3.2
Headache type
Migraine	82 (65.1)
Tension-type vascular headache	31 (24.6)
Cluster headache	13 (10.3)
Disease duration (years)	3.5 (1.5-7.0)	Range: 3 months to 20 years
Previous treatment history
Received preventive medication	118 (93.7)
Number of preventive medications	2.8 ± 1.3
Medication overuse	38 (30.2)
NSAIDs	28
Triptans	10
Baseline headache characteristics
Headache frequency (times/month)	12.3 ± 4.5
Single episode duration (hours)	8.7 ± 5.2
VAS score	6.8 ± 1.2
Psychological assessment
SAS score	52.4 ± 8.3
Anxiety symptoms (SAS ≥ 50)	61 (48.4)
SDS score	55.1 ± 9.2
Depressive symptoms (SDS ≥ 53)	73 (57.9)
Treatment completion
Follow-up completion rate (%)	92.1	126/137
Completed full SGB treatment (5 days left + 5 days right, total 10 days)	126 (100)
Serious complications	0

NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; VAS: Visual Analog Scale; SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale; SGB: Stellate ganglion block.