Goal-directed fluid therapy and cognitive outcomes in elderly surgical patients with anxiety and depression

Figure 1 Comparison of postoperative cognitive function between goal-directed fluid therapy and conventional fluid therapy groups. A: Incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction at postoperative day (POD) 1, POD3, and POD7. The goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) group showed significantly lower postoperative cognitive dysfunction incidence compared to the conventional fluid therapy group at all time points (POD1: 20.9% vs 38.2%, P = 0.005; POD3: 14.5% vs 28.2%, P = 0.011; POD7: 8.2% vs 17.3%, P = 0.035); B: Dynamic changes in Mini-Mental State Examination score. Both groups showed decreased scores on POD1, with the GDFT group demonstrating less decline and faster recovery. Repeated measures analysis of covariance revealed significant group effect (F = 12.35, P = 0.001), time effect (F = 78.92, P < 0.001), and interaction effect (F = 5.68, P = 0.004); C: Dynamic changes in Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. Similar patterns were observed, with the GDFT group showing better preservation of cognitive function on POD1 (23.5 vs 21.8, P = 0.001) and more complete recovery by POD7. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between groups (^aP < 0.05). CFT: Conventional fluid therapy; GDFT: Goal-directed fluid therapy; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; POCD: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction; POD: Postoperative day.