Goal-directed fluid therapy and cognitive outcomes in elderly surgical patients with anxiety and depression

Table 2 Comparison of perioperative hemodynamics and fluid management between two groups, n (%)/mean ± SD

Parameter	Goal-directed fluid therapy group (n = 110)	Conventional fluid therapy group (n = 110)	Statistic	P value
Hemodynamic parameters
Preoperative MAP (mmHg)	92.3 ± 10.5	91.8 ± 11.2	t = 0.344	0.731
Preoperative HR (beats/minute)	72.5 ± 9.8	73.2 ± 10.3	t = 0.513	0.608
Intraoperative mean MAP (mmHg)	78.6 ± 6.8	76.2 ± 8.5	t = 2.296	0.023
Intraoperative mean HR (beats/minute)	68.3 ± 8.5	70.8 ± 9.7	t = 2.025	0.044
Intraoperative mean cardiac output (L/minute)	4.8 ± 0.7	4.3 ± 0.8	t = 4.971	< 0.001
Hypotensive events
Number of hypotensive episodes	2.1 ± 1.3	3.8 ± 2.1	t = 7.157	< 0.001
Duration of hypotension (minutes)	8.3 ± 5.2	15.7 ± 8.6	t = 7.569	< 0.001
Incidence of hypotension	56 (50.9)	78 (70.9)	χ² = 9.091	0.003
Vasoactive agent use
Vasoactive agent use	48 (43.6)	69 (62.7)	χ² = 7.950	0.005
Phenylephrine use	38 (34.5)	58 (52.7)	χ² = 7.372	0.007
Ephedrine use	22 (20.0)	35 (31.8)	χ² = 3.951	0.047
Dopamine use	5 (4.5)	8 (7.3)	χ² = 0.729	0.393
Fluid management
Total intraoperative fluid (mL)	2180 ± 420	2650 ± 580	t = 6.849	< 0.001
Standardized fluid volume (mL/kg/hour)	6.8 ± 1.2	8.3 ± 1.8	t = 7.302	< 0.001
Crystalloid infusion (mL)	1560 ± 340	2050 ± 480	t = 8.894	< 0.001
Colloid infusion (mL)	620 ± 160	600 ± 180	t = 0.873	0.383
Colloid proportion (%)	28.3 ± 8.5	22.6 ± 9.2	t = 4.815	< 0.001
Hydroxyethyl starch use	76 (69.1)	71 (64.5)	χ² = 0.502	0.478
Albumin use	15 (13.6)	12 (10.9)	χ² = 0.382	0.537
Fluid input/output
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	420 ± 185	445 ± 205	t = 0.946	0.345
Intraoperative urine output (mL)	785 ± 235	760 ± 258	t = 0.755	0.451
Standardized urine output (mL/kg/hour)	1.2 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.4	t = 1.326	0.186
Intraoperative positive fluid balance (mL)	980 ± 310	1450 ± 480	t = 8.600	< 0.001
24 hours cumulative fluid input (mL)	3420 ± 680	4180 ± 890	t = 7.185	< 0.001
24 hours cumulative urine output (mL)	1770 ± 420	1900 ± 510	t = 2.033	0.043
24 hours fluid balance (mL)	1650 ± 520	2280 ± 690	t = 7.460	< 0.001
Transfusion
Patients receiving transfusion	18 (16.4)	23 (20.9)	χ² = 0.745	0.388
Red blood cell transfusion (U)	1.8 ± 0.9	2.1 ± 1.1	t = 1.124	0.264
Plasma transfusion (mL)	285 ± 125	310 ± 145	t = 0.684	0.495

Hypotension defined as mean arterial pressure < 65 mmHg. HR: Heart rate; MAP: Mean arterial pressure.