Goal-directed fluid therapy and cognitive outcomes in elderly surgical patients with anxiety and depression

Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between two groups, n (%)/mean ± SD

Parameter	Goal-directed fluid therapy group (n = 110)	Conventional fluid therapy group (n = 110)	Statistic	P value
General information
Age (years)	68.3 ± 5.7	67.9 ± 6.1	t = 0.497	0.620
Sex (male/female)	60/50	58/52	χ² = 0.074	0.786
Male	60 (54.5)	58 (52.7)
Body mass index (kg/m²)	24.2 ± 3.1	23.9 ± 3.3	t = 0.684	0.495
Years of education	9.8 ± 3.2	10.1 ± 3.5	t = 0.648	0.518
American Society of Anesthesiologists classification			χ² = 0.385	0.825
Class I	18 (16.4)	20 (18.2)
Class II	67 (60.9)	64 (58.2)
Class III	25 (22.7)	26 (23.6)
Medical history
Hypertension	52 (47.3)	55 (50.0)	χ² = 0.162	0.687
Diabetes mellitus	28 (25.5)	31 (28.2)	χ² = 0.215	0.643
Coronary heart disease	15 (13.6)	18 (16.4)	χ² = 0.347	0.556
Surgical information
Surgical type			χ² = 0.165	0.685
Abdominal surgery	66 (60.0)	69 (62.7)
Orthopedic surgery	44 (40.0)	41 (37.3)
Surgical duration (hours)	3.2 ± 0.8	3.1 ± 0.9	t = 0.856	0.393
Anesthesia duration (hours)	3.8 ± 0.9	3.7 ± 1.0	t = 0.767	0.444
Estimated blood loss (mL)	385 ± 125	392 ± 138	t = 0.388	0.698
Anxiety-depression assessment
Anxiety-depression	45 (40.9)	47 (42.7)	χ² = 0.071	0.791
HADS-A scorec
Anxiety-depression subgroup	10.3 ± 2.0	10.1 ± 2.2	t = 0.448	0.655
Non-anxiety-depression subgroup	4.2 ± 1.7	4.4 ± 1.9	t = 0.588	0.558
HADS-D scorec
Anxiety-depression subgroup	9.9 ± 2.2	9.7 ± 2.4	t = 0.409	0.683
Non-anxiety-depression subgroup	3.8 ± 1.5	4.0 ± 1.7	t = 0.665	0.507
Preoperative cognitive assessment
Mini-Mental State Examination score	27.8 ± 1.6	27.6 ± 1.7	t = 0.929	0.354
Anxiety-depression subgroup	27.1 ± 1.8	27.3 ± 1.9	t = 0.508	0.613
Non-anxiety-depression subgroup	28.2 ± 1.3	28.0 ± 1.5	t = 0.768	0.444
Montreal Cognitive Assessment score	25.1 ± 2.3	24.9 ± 2.4	t = 0.660	0.509
Anxiety-depression subgroup	24.2 ± 2.6	24.4 ± 2.4	t = 0.375	0.709
Non-anxiety-depression subgroup	25.6 ± 2.0	25.4 ± 2.2	t = 0.510	0.611
Preoperative laboratory tests
Hemoglobin (g/L)	128.5 ± 16.3	130.2 ± 17.8	t = 0.740	0.460
Albumin (g/L)	38.6 ± 4.2	39.1 ± 4.5	t = 0.858	0.392
Serum creatinine (μmol/L)	78.3 ± 18.5	76.9 ± 19.2	t = 0.549	0.584
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	5.8 ± 1.2	5.9 ± 1.3	t = 0.596	0.552

^cP < 0.001.

Comparison of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score between anxiety-depression and non-anxiety-depression subgroups, P < 0.001; baseline Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment score were lower in patients with anxiety-depression compared to those without, P < 0.05. HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-anxiety subscale; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-depression subscale.