Impact of depression and/or anxiety on accelerated lung function decline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Table 2 Multiple linear regression analysis of factors influencing the annual decline rate of forced expiratory volume in one second

Independent Variable	Unstandardized coefficient (B)	SE	Standardized coefficient (β)	Variance inflation factor	t	P value
Constant	18.735	10.246			1.828	0.070
Comorbid depression/anxiety (yes vs no)	10.892	2.138	0.312	1.168	5.094	< 0.001
Current smoking status (yes vs no)	9.521	2.931	0.284	1.325	3.248	0.002
Baseline FEV1% predicted	-0.295	0.108	-0.230	1.289	-2.731	0.007
Frequency of acute exacerbations (times/year)	2.874	1.235	0.251	1.467	2.327	0.022
Use of ICS (yes vs no)	3.128	1.876	0.142	1.412	1.667	0.098
Age (years)	0.148	0.195	0.055	1.102	0.759	0.450
Sex (male vs female)	-1.198	2.857	-0.031	1.115	-0.419	0.676
BMI (kg/m2)	-0.284	0.402	-0.052	1.087	-0.706	0.482
Smoking (pack-years)	0.041	0.057	0.061	1.435	0.719	0.474
Duration of COPD (years)	0.328	0.387	0.064	1.218	0.848	0.398
Hypertension (yes vs no)	1.025	1.894	0.041	1.194	0.541	0.590
Diabetes mellitus (yes vs no)	1.873	2.145	0.065	1.176	0.873	0.385
Coronary heart disease (yes vs no)	2.016	2.378	0.063	1.152	0.848	0.398

Dependent variable: Annual rate of decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (mL/year). FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in one second; ICS: Inhaled corticosteroids; BMI: Body mass index; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.