Effect of perioperative psychological nursing on anxiety, depression, and recovery in colorectal cancer surgery: A prospective study

Table 2 Anxiety and depression scores at different time points, mean ± SD

Time point	Intervention group	Control group	Mean difference (95%CI)	P value	Effect size (Cohen’s d)
HADS-A scores
Baseline	9.2 ± 3.1	9.4 ± 3.3	-0.2 (-1.2 to 0.8)	0.695	0.06
Postoperative day 3	6.1 ± 2.4a	9.8 ± 3.2	-3.7 (-4.7 to -2.7)	< 0.001	1.32
Postoperative day 7	5.2 ± 2.1a	9.1 ± 3.0	-3.9 (-4.8 to -3.0)	< 0.001	1.51
HADS-D scores
Baseline	8.3 ± 2.9	8.5 ± 3.0	-0.2 (-1.2 to 0.8)	0.677	0.07
Postoperative day 3	5.7 ± 2.2b	8.9 ± 2.8	-3.2 (-4.1 to -2.3)	< 0.001	1.27
Postoperative day 7	4.8 ± 1.9b	8.3 ± 2.7	-3.5 (-4.3 to -2.7)	< 0.001	1.48

^aP < 0.05 vs baseline (preoperative assessment) within the intervention group.

^bP < 0.001 vs baseline (preoperative assessment) within the intervention group.

Baseline refers to the preoperative assessment conducted 3-5 days before surgery. CI: Confidence interval; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety subscale; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression subscale.