Perioperative anxiety and depression in patients undergoing transurethral urological surgeries: The role of anesthetic management

Table 2 Psychological outcomes by anesthetic technique, mean ± SD

Outcome	General anesthesia	Spinal anesthesia	Mean difference (95%CI)	P value
STAI-state scores
Baseline	49.2 ± 14.5	48.1 ± 14.0	1.1 (-4.0 to 6.2)	0.67
Preoperative	52.8 ± 15.2	46.3 ± 13.8	6.5 (1.3-11.7)	0.02
POD 1	41.1 ± 12.3	35.8 ± 11.6	5.3 (0.9-9.7)	0.02
POD 7	36.4 ± 10.8	33.9 ± 10.2	2.5 (-1.3 to 6.3)	0.20
BDI-II scores
Baseline	13.2 ± 9.7	12.4 ± 9.2	0.8 (-2.6 to 4.2)	0.64
POD 7	11.8 ± 8.9	10.2 ± 8.3	1.6 (-1.5 to 4.7)	0.31
POD 30	10.4 ± 8.2	8.9 ± 7.6	1.5 (-1.3 to 4.3)	0.30

Baseline assessments were performed 24 hours before surgery, and preoperative assessments were conducted in the holding area immediately before anesthesia induction. Mean differences are calculated as values in the general anesthesia group minus those in the spinal anesthesia group. CI: Confidence interval; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; POD: Postoperative day; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory.