Post-stroke depression update 2025: Mechanisms, prediction, and management

Figure 5 A “predict-risk stratify-intervene” clinical management algorithm for post-stroke depression. This integrated decision-support tool translates post-stroke depression pathophysiology into a structured, time-sensitive clinical pathway. It begins with multimodal risk assessment, proceeds to mechanism-based subtyping, and culminates in subtype-specific interventions annotated with GRADE-derived evidence grades. The algorithm emphasizes the integration of traditional clinical markers, emerging biomarkers, and advanced analytics for precision management, with evidence ratings directly informing therapeutic confidence.