Psychological state and body image disturbance in head and neck cancer patients: Prevalence and determinants

Table 5 Univariate evaluation of body image disturbance in head and neck cancer patients

Variable	BIS < 15 points (n = 37)	BIS ≥ 15 points (n = 63)	χ2	P value
Age (years)			1.401	0.237
< 60	25 (67.57)	35 (55.56)
≥ 60	12 (32.43)	28 (44.44)
Sex			7.665	0.006
Male	27 (72.97)	28 (44.44)
Female	10 (27.03)	35 (55.56)
Educational attainment			0.059	0.809
Below senior high school	22 (59.46)	39 (61.90)
Senior high school or above	15 (40.54)	24 (38.10)
Disease progression stage			7.111	0.008
I-II	17 (45.95)	13 (20.63)
III-IV	20 (54.05)	50 (79.37)
Primary tumor site			1.158	0.560
Oral cavity	18 (48.65)	27 (42.86)
Oropharynx	7 (18.92)	18 (28.57)
Larynx	12 (32.43)	18 (28.57)
Multimodal treatment			4.927	0.026
No	33 (89.19)	44 (69.84)
Yes	4 (10.81)	19 (30.16)
Unemployment			7.565	0.006
No	15 (40.54)	10 (15.87)
Yes	22 (59.46)	53 (84.13)
HADS-A (points)			4.133	0.042
< 8	32 (86.49)	43 (68.25)
≥ 8	5 (13.51)	20 (31.75)
HADS-D (points)			5.313	0.021
< 8	31 (83.78)	39 (61.90)
≥ 8	6 (16.22)	24 (38.10)

HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression; BIS: Body Image Scale.