Clinical nursing pathways and psychological care in early liver cancer surgery patients: Effects on anxiety, depression, and pain

doi:10.5498/wjp.v16.i5.114680

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Psychiatry. May 19, 2026; 16(5): 114680
Published online May 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i5.114680

Table 2 Baseline patient characteristics, n (%)/mean ± SD

Indicators	Observation group (n = 122)	Control group (n = 108)	χ²/t	P value
Sex			0.604	0.437
Male	73 (59.84)	70 (64.81)
Female	49 (40.16)	38 (35.19)
Age (years)	59.07 ± 7.72	59.15 ± 7.17	0.081	0.935
ASA classification (grade)			4.679	0.096
I	24 (19.67)	11 (10.19)
II	85 (69.67)	80 (74.07)
III	13 (10.66)	17 (15.74)
Tumor pathology			4.582	0.101
Hepatocellular carcinoma	98 (80.33)	90 (83.33)
Bile duct cell carcinoma	24 (19.67)	15 (13.89)
Mixed cell carcinoma	0 (0.00)	3 (2.78)
Clinical staging			0.108	0.743
I	76 (62.30)	65 (60.19)
II	46 (37.70)	43 (39.81)
Child-Pugh classification			3.224	0.073
A	63 (51.64)	43 (39.81)
B	59 (48.36)	65 (60.19)

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

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Citation: Zhang T, Liang HX, Cao LD, Hu SS. Clinical nursing pathways and psychological care in early liver cancer surgery patients: Effects on anxiety, depression, and pain. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(5): 114680
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v16/i5/114680.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v16.i5.114680

Zhang T, Liang HX, Cao LD, Hu SS. Clinical nursing pathways and psychological care in early liver cancer surgery patients: Effects on anxiety, depression, and pain. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(5): 114680 [DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i5.114680]

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