Visuospatial memory modulates insight and its predictive value for 6-year psychosis risk in clinical high-risk individuals

Table 1 Comparison of demographic, neurocognitive, and positive symptoms among groups, mean ± SD

		IIL (n = 151)	IIH (n = 161)	χ2/t value	P value	Cramér’s V/Cohen’s d/Cohen’s f2
Sex	Male	72	70	0.399	0.528	0.042
	Female	79	91
Age		18.76 ± 4.88	19.19 ± 5.41	0.727	0.468	0.082
Education (years)		10.44 ± 2.44	10.58 ± 3.00	0.451	0.652	0.051
TMT		31.58 ± 10.74	34.98 ± 14.40	0.760	0.448	0.017
BACS-SC		59.06 ± 9.82	55.60 ± 10.92	-2.600	0.010	0.030
HVLT-R		24.31 ± 4.91	22.78 ± 5.31	-2.196	0.029	0.023
WMS-III-SS		15.95 ± 2.96	15.21 ± 3.07	-2.378	0.018	0.014
NAB-Mazes		17.09 ± 6.35	15.88 ± 6.44	-1.519	0.130	0.007
BVMT-R		27.56 ± 6.43	25.35 ± 6.00	-3.090	0.002	0.032
Fluency		19.54 ± 5.16	19.33 ± 5.32	-0.433	0.665	0.001
CPT-IP		2.54 ± 0.78	2.38 ± 0.79	-2.023	0.044	0.013
P-Total		8.27 ± 2.64	11.47 ± 3.02	9.605	< 0.001	0.325
Medication	Combination	26	13	12.254	0.007	0.198
	Antipsychotics	92	122
	Antidepressants	12	4
	No medication	21	22

The effect sizes are reported as Cramér’s V (for χ² tests), Cohen’s d (for t-tests), and Cohen’s f² (for robust regression). Low-impairment insight group: The 12^th general psychopathology symptom item of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, G12, scored as less than 3; High-impairment insight group: G12 scored as 3 or higher. IIL: Low-impairment insight group; IIH: High-impairment insight group; TMT: Trail Making Test; BACS-SC: Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia: Symbol Coding; HVLT-R: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; WMS-III-SS: Wechsler Memory Scale-3^rd Ed: Spatial Span; NAB-Mazes: Neuropsychological Assessment Battery; BVMT-R: Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised; CPT-IP: Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs; P-Total: Total score of positive symptoms on the Scale of Psychotic-Risk Syndromes.