Relationship between personality, resilience, and empathy among dental students: A cross-sectional study

Table 3 Hierarchical linear regression results

Predictors	Perspective taking (β)			Fantasy (β)			Empathic concern (β)			Personal distress (β)
	Step 1	Step 2	Step 3	Step 1	Step 2	Step 3	Step 1	Step 2	Step 3	Step 1	Step 2	Step 3
Step 1
Age	0.239	0.054	0.065	-0.087	-0.193	-0.181	0.12	-0.111	-0.112	-0.694a	-0.211	-0.202
Sex	-0.328	-0.438	-0.468	1.059a	0.899a	0.866a	0.101	0.188	0.192	0.784	0.344	0.318
Ethnicity	-0.067	-0.115	-0.063	-0.074	-0.078	-0.02	0.063	-0.061	-0.068	-0.247	-0.265	-0.22
Place of residence	-0.566	-0.101	-0.06	-0.15	0.329	0.375	0.544	0.832b	0.826b	0.666	0.163	0.199
Academic year	-0.904b	-0.232	-0.274	-0.652a	-0.086	-0.133	-0.865b	-0.185	-0.18	0.754a	0.166	0.129
Only child	-0.397	-0.235	-0.207	-0.16	-0.006	0.026	0.168	0.152	0.148	-1.128a	-0.594	-0.569
Paternal education	-0.274	-0.097	-0.066	-0.409	-0.244	-0.21	-0.447	-0.316	-0.32	-1.018	-0.501	-0.474
Maternal education	-0.123	-0.199	-0.113	0.147	-0.074	0.022	0.769	0.805a	0.793a	0.381	-0.026	0.049
Step 2
Extraversion		0.01	-0.006		0.016	-0.001		0.071	0.073		-0.031	-0.045
Agreeableness		0.212b	0.195b		0.206b	0.187b		0.38b	0.383b		-0.031	-0.045
Conscientiousness		0.09	0.056		-0.117a	-0.154a		-0.084	-0.08		0.045	0.016
Neuroticism		0.173b	0.173b		0.187b	0.187b		0.094a	0.093a		0.562b	0.562b
Openness		0.226b	0.179b		0.338b	0.286b		0.051	0.057		0.015	-0.026
Step 3
Resilience			0.038b			0.042b			-0.005			0.033
F	2.333a	16.916b	16.499b	3.157b	13.974b	13.742b	3.263b	15.261b	14.133b	1.987a	18.889b	17.987b
R2	0.062	0.442	0.456	0.082	0.396	0.411	0.085	0.417	0.418	0.053	0.47	0.477
△R²	0.062	0.38	0.014	0.082	0.314	0.015	0.085	0.333	0.001	0.053	0.417	0.007

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

Regression coefficients are presented for completeness; interpretations focus on the overall regression model rather than on isolated coefficients.