Risk factors associated with anxiety and depression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease identified using structural equation modeling

Figure 2 Correlation heatmap showing associations among sleep quality, coping styles, and anxiety and depression scores in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The color scale represents correlation coefficients (r) ranging from -1 to +1, with blue indicating positive and red indicating negative correlations. ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MCMQ: Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.