Association between depression, anxiety, and treatment adherence in patients with diabetic macular edema

Table 5 Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with poor medication adherence (Medication Adherence Report Scale-5 < 17)

Variable	Unadjusted OR (95%CI)	P value	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P value
PHQ-9 ≥ 10	4.28 (2.18-8.42)	< 0.001	3.42 (1.68-6.95)	0.001
GAD-7 ≥ 10	3.65 (1.78-7.48)	< 0.001	2.86 (1.35-6.04)	0.006
Age (per 10 years)	0.82 (0.68-0.98)	0.032	0.88 (0.72-1.08)	0.214
Men	0.76 (0.42-1.38)	0.365	0.82 (0.43-1.56)	0.548
Diabetes duration > 15 years	1.68 (0.92-3.06)	0.092	1.42 (0.74-2.72)	0.292
HbA1c > 8%	2.14 (1.18-3.88)	0.012	1.86 (0.98-3.52)	0.058
Bilateral DME	1.92 (1.06-3.48)	0.032	1.74 (0.92-3.29)	0.089
Low education (< 12 years)	1.78 (0.98-3.24)	0.059	1.65 (0.87-3.14)	0.126
Living alone	2.35 (1.22-4.52)	0.011	2.12 (1.05-4.28)	0.036
> 5 medications daily	1.94 (1.07-3.52)	0.029	1.68 (0.88-3.21)	0.116

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; DME: Diabetic macular edema; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.