Association between depression, anxiety, and treatment adherence in patients with diabetic macular edema

Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants, mean ± SD, n (%)

Characteristic	Total (n = 130)	Depression (n = 58)	No depression (n = 72)	P value
Demographics
Age, years	62.4 ± 11.3	60.8 ± 10.9	63.7 ± 11.5	0.142
Men	70 (53.8)	28 (48.3)	42 (58.3)	0.251
Education ≥ 12 years	78 (60.0)	30 (51.7)	48 (66.7)	0.083
Employed	52 (40.0)	18 (31.0)	34 (47.2)	0.059
Married	86 (66.2)	34 (58.6)	52 (72.2)	0.102
Diabetes characteristics
Type 2 diabetes	118 (90.8)	53 (91.4)	65 (90.3)	0.829
Duration, years	14.6 ± 7.2	15.8 ± 7.5	13.6 ± 6.8	0.086
HbA1c	8.2 ± 1.6	8.6 ± 1.7	7.9 ± 1.5	0.013
Diabetic neuropathy	48 (36.9)	28 (48.3)	20 (27.8)	0.016
Diabetic nephropathy	32 (24.6)	19 (32.8)	13 (18.1)	0.049
Ophthalmologic characteristics
BCVA, logMAR	0.48 ± 0.32	0.56 ± 0.34	0.42 ± 0.29	0.012
CST, μm	412 ± 98	428 ± 102	399 ± 93	0.093
Bilateral DME	72 (55.4)	38 (65.5)	34 (47.2)	0.037
Prior anti-VEGF injections	3.2 ± 4.1	3.8 ± 4.5	2.7 ± 3.7	0.134
Psychological measures
PHQ-9 score	7.3 ± 5.8	12.8 ± 4.2	2.9 ± 1.8	< 0.001
GAD-7 score	6.1 ± 5.2	9.4 ± 5.1	3.4 ± 3.2	< 0.001
Adherence measures
MARS-5 score	18.7 ± 3.2	17.2 ± 2.8	21.6 ± 2.9	< 0.001
Appointment adherence	76.4 ± 18.2	68.2 ± 19.3	83.0 ± 14.6	< 0.001

HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; BCVA: Best-corrected visual acuity; LogMAR: Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; CST: Central subfield thickness; DME: Diabetic macular edema; Anti-VEGF: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; MARS-5: Medication Adherence Report Scale-5.