Psychological states in diabetic retinopathy: Social support correlates and risk factors

doi:10.5498/wjp.v16.i4.112523

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Psychiatry. Apr 19, 2026; 16(4): 112523
Published online Apr 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i4.112523

Table 6 Univariable evaluation of contributors to psychological distress states in diabetic retinopathy cases, n (%)

Variable	Psychological distress group (n = 62)	Non-psychological distress group (n = 63)	χ²	P value
Age (years)			0.961	0.327
< 55 (n = 70)	32 (51.61)	38 (60.32)
≥ 55 (n = 55)	30 (48.39)	25 (39.68)
Sex			0.986	0.321
Male (n = 67)	36 (58.06)	31 (49.21)
Female (n = 58)	26 (41.94)	32 (50.79)
DM course (years)			13.873	< 0.001
< 8 (n = 75)	27 (43.55)	48 (76.19)
≥ 8 (n = 50)	35 (56.45)	15 (23.81)
Disease stage			1.872	0.171
NPDR (n = 99)	46 (74.19)	53 (84.13)
PDR (n = 26)	16 (25.81)	10 (15.87)
Per capita monthly household income (CNY)			5.793	0.016
< 5000 (n = 93)	52 (83.87)	41 (65.08)
≥ 5000 (n = 32)	10 (16.13)	22 (34.92)
Visual disturbance comorbidity			8.193	0.004
No (n = 25)	6 (9.68)	19 (30.16)
Yes (n = 100)	56 (90.32)	44 (69.84)
Coexisting hypertension			10.899	< 0.001
No (n = 84)	33 (53.23)	51 (80.95)
Yes (n = 41)	29 (46.77)	12 (19.05)
Familial DM history			8.894	0.003
No (n = 95)	40 (64.52)	55 (87.30)
Yes (n = 30)	22 (35.48)	8 (12.70)
SSRS (points)			8.827	0.003
< 35 (n = 68)	42 (67.74)	26 (41.27)
≥ 35 (n = 57)	20 (32.26)	37 (58.73)

NPDR: Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy; DM: Diabetes mellitus; SSRS: Social Support Rating Scale; CNY: Chinese yuan.

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Citation: Yuan Y, Jian FJ, Wang L, Zhou BQ, Lin WE, Pang L, Wang Y. Psychological states in diabetic retinopathy: Social support correlates and risk factors. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(4): 112523
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v16/i4/112523.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v16.i4.112523

Yuan Y, Jian FJ, Wang L, Zhou BQ, Lin WE, Pang L, Wang Y. Psychological states in diabetic retinopathy: Social support correlates and risk factors. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(4): 112523 [DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i4.112523]

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