Electroconvulsive therapy alters serum cytokine levels and correlates with symptom improvement in patients with acute schizophrenia

doi:10.5498/wjp.v16.i3.115163

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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World J Psychiatry. Mar 19, 2026; 16(3): 115163
Published online Mar 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i3.115163

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Figure 1 Interleukin-8 [chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8] inflammatory pathway in schizophrenia. This diagram illustrates the inflammatory mechanism of interleukin (IL)-8 in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Activation factors (lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1) stimulate macrophages and microglia to produce IL-8 [chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8], which recruits neutrophils to inflammatory sites. These activated neutrophils release inflammatory mediators including reactive oxygen species and proteases, contributing to neuroinflammation and schizophrenia symptoms. This pathway highlights the role of IL-8 as a key chemokine linking innate immune responses to neuropsychiatric manifestations in schizophrenia. CXCL8: Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8; IL: Interleukin-8; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Citation: Xu L, Zhang XB, Luan LS, Yang M, Zhang J, Yang HD, Tang XW. Electroconvulsive therapy alters serum cytokine levels and correlates with symptom improvement in patients with acute schizophrenia. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(3): 115163
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v16/i3/115163.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v16.i3.115163

Xu L, Zhang XB, Luan LS, Yang M, Zhang J, Yang HD, Tang XW. Electroconvulsive therapy alters serum cytokine levels and correlates with symptom improvement in patients with acute schizophrenia. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(3): 115163 [DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i3.115163]

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