Circadian rhythm disruption in bipolar disorder: Mechanisms, clinical significance, and rhythm-oriented interventions

Table 3 Research on the effects of some drugs and therapies on bipolar disorder

Ref.	Year	Type	Medication/therapy	Impact on BD
Crowe et al[150]	2020	IPSRT	IPSRT	Reduced depressive symptoms
Moot et al[151]	2022		IPSRT within 18 months	Improved social adaptation
Orhan et al[152]	2024		Twice weekly group IPSRT	Feasibility demonstrated
Crowe et al[153]	2020		IPSRT exceeding 18 months	No significant effect on relapse
Swartz et al[154]	2021		Online intervention of BD based on IPSRT	Improved social rhythm regularity
Douglas et al[155]	2022		Combining IPSRT and CR	Reduced the effectiveness of IPSRT
Crowe et al[158]	2020	SRT	SRT	Feasibility demonstrated in clinical practice
Sankar et al[160]	2021		Improved SRT	Reduced emotional symptoms and suicide risk
Takeshima et al[168]	2020	BLT	BLT	No significant improvement in depressive symptoms
Geoffroy et al[169]	2025		BLT	Reduced depressive symptoms
Benedetti[170]	2018		BLT	Found the phase change rate of mania was not related to the treatment method
McGowan et al[176]	2022	Melatonin receptor agonist	Ramelteon	Prevented recurrent depressive symptoms in patients with BD
Li et al[178]	2024		Agomelatine	Significant therapeutic effect and good tolerability Excellent treatment and tolerance
Sarzetto et al[187]	2022	SD	3 cycles of TSD + daily one week BLT	Had a positive therapeutic effect on BD depressive episodes
Humpston et al[188]	2020		SD	Not the actual therapeutic effect
Mitter et al[186]	2022		SD	Unable to prove the effect of antidepressant treatment
Gottlieb et al[189]	2021		SD	Enhanced early efficacy
Ramirez-Mahaluf et al[190]	2020		TSD + drug therapy (such as lithium)	Had a positive impact on acute reactions

BD: Bipolar disorder; IPSRT: Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy; SRT: Social rhythm therapy; BLT: Bright light therapy; CR: Cognitive remediation; TSD: Total sleep deprivation; SD: Sleep deprivation.