Implicit cognition tests for the prediction of suicide risk of non-suicidal self-injury in individuals: A systematic review

Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Ref.	Country	Aims of study	Sample	Age, mean ± SD	Gender distribution (female)	Test
Nock and Banaji[40], 2007	United States	Assessment of self-injurious thoughts using a behavioral test	n = 92: n (without NSSI) = 36; n (recent NSSI) = 53	17.10 ± 1.92	76.40%	SI-IAT
Brausch et al[26], 2022	United States	Examining NSSI features as motivational moderators in the relationship between hopelessness and suicide ideation	n = 420 (history of NSSI)	18.92 ± 1.38	80%	SI-IAT
Nagy et al[29], 2021	United States	An experimental investigation of the effects of self-criticism and self-compassion on implicit associations with NSSI	n = 233: n (with NSSI) = 76; n (without NSSI) = 161	19.37 ± 2.12	74.2%	SI-IAT
Powers et al[41], 2021	United States	Explicit and implicit measurement of NSSI in the prediction of concurrent and prospective self-injury	n = 421 (time 1); n = 324 (time 2)	18.92 ± 1.38 (time 1), 18.98 ± 1.38 (time 2)	82.7% (time 1), 82.1% (time 2)	SI-IAT
Glenn et al[32], 2016	United States	Implicit cognition about self-injury predicts actual self-injurious behavior: Results from a longitudinal study of adolescents	n = 662: With NSSI (n = 302), without NSSI (n = 360)	13.14 ± 0.7	57.7%	SI-IAT
Millner et al[21], 2018	United States	Implicit cognition as a behavioral marker of suicide attempts in adolescents	n = 71	14.8 ± 1.5	71.5%	D-IAT, S-IAT, SI-IAT
Glenn et al[27], 2017	United States	Implicit identification with death predicts change in suicide ideation during psychiatric treatment in adolescents	n = 276: With NSSI (n = 224), without NSSI (n = 52)	15.53 ± 1.34	71.0%	SI-IAT
Dickstein et al[34], 2015	United States	Self-injurious implicit attitudes among adolescent suicide attempters vs those engaged in NSSI	n = 136: With SI (n = 47), with NSSI (n = 46), controls (n = 43)	With SI: 15.85 ± 1.27; with NSSI: 15.24 ± 1.26; controls: 15.47 ± 1.29	With SI: 66.0%; NSSI: 84.5%; controls: 60.5%	SI-IAT
Cha et al[19], 2016	United States	Using implicit and explicit measures to predict non-suicidal self-injury among adolescent inpatients	n = 123: NSSI (n = 68), without NSSI (n = 55)	14.8 ± 1.5	71.5%	SI-IAT

NSSI: Non-suicidal self-injury; SI-IAT: Self-Injury Implicit Association Tests; D-IAT: Death Implicit Association Tests; S-IAT: Suicide Implicit Association Tests.