©Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026.
World J Psychiatry. Mar 19, 2026; 16(3): 113625
Published online Mar 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i3.113625
Published online Mar 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i3.113625
Table 3 Comparison of neuroendocrine and inflammatory markers between groups
| Parameter | Study group (n = 86) | Control group (n = 100) | P value |
| Neuroendocrine markers | |||
| Morning serum cortisol (μg/dL) | 22.4 ± 5.1 | 15.3 ± 4.2 | < 0.01 |
| Diurnal cortisol rhythm | Flattened | Normal | < 0.01 |
| Evening cortisol (μg/dL) | 12.3 ± 3.2 | 6.8 ± 2.1 | < 0.01 |
| Cortisol awakening response (% increase) | 38.2 ± 9.3 | 72.4 ± 12.6 | < 0.001 |
| Urinary epinephrine (μg/24 hours) | 18.7 ± 4.6 | 12.3 ± 3.8 | < 0.05 |
| Urinary norepinephrine (μg/24 hours) | 65.2 ± 14.3 | 49.6 ± 12.5 | < 0.05 |
| Inflammatory markers | |||
| Drainage fluid IL-6 (pg/mL) | 42.7 ± 9.5 | 26.4 ± 7.3 | < 0.01 |
| Drainage fluid TNF-α (pg/mL) | 18.9 ± 4.3 | 11.2 ± 3.6 | < 0.01 |
| Serum C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 38.4 ± 12.7 | 25.3 ± 9.9 | < 0.05 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/hour) | 52.6 ± 18.2 | 42.1 ± 16.4 | < 0.05 |
| Drainage fluid IL-1β (pg/mL) | 15.6 ± 3.8 | 9.4 ± 2.7 | < 0.01 |
| Anti-inflammatory IL-10 (pg/mL) | 6.3 ± 1.7 | 11.2 ± 2.4 | < 0.01 |
- Citation: Shang S, Hu Y, Wang H, Rao RQ, Zhang F. Preoperative anxiety and psychological determinants of functional recovery after total knee arthroplasty: A retrospective cohort study. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(3): 113625
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v16/i3/113625.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v16.i3.113625