Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation and psychological distress in Crohn’s disease: Insights from acute and chronic stress responses

Table 4 Linear regression analysis of factors associated with higher Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 depression scores in patients with Crohn’s disease

Depression	Univariate		Multivariate
	β (95%CI)	P value	β (95%CI)	P value
Female	3.7 (0.7-6.7)	0.016	-5.2 (-19.0 to 8.6)	0.447
Age	0.2 (0.0-0.3)	0.011	-0.2 (-0.8 to 0.4)	0.491
HBI	1.1 (0.1-2.2)	0.039	1.8 (-1.8 to 5.4)	0.323
HGB	-1.6 (-3.0 to -0.2)	0.030	-5.1 (-9.6 to -0.6)	0.027
Smoking	6.1 (1.5-10.6)	0.010	7.9 (-1.1 to 16.8)	0.084
A Montreal1
A1	Reference
A2	5 (-1.1 to 11.0)	0.125	6.3 (-11.7 to 24.3)	0.477
A3	10.1 (3.5-16.7)	0.003	21.3 (-6.9 to 49.5)	0.132

¹Age at diagnosis: A1: ≤ 16 years old; A2: 17-40 years old; A3: > 40 years old.

HBI: Harvey–Bradshaw Index; HGB: Hemoglobin; CI: Confidence interval.