Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation and psychological distress in Crohn’s disease: Insights from acute and chronic stress responses

Table 3 Linear regression analysis of factors associated with higher Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 anxiety scores in patients with Crohn’s disease

Anxiety	Univariate		Multivariate
	β (95%CI)	P value	β (95%CI)	P value
Female	3.8 (1.5-6.1)	0.001	4.2 (-0.3 to 10.5)	0.065
HBI	1.7 (0.8-2.5)	< 0.001	2.3 (0.9-3.8)	0.002
Smoking	5.0 (1.3-8.7)	0.008	5.9 (1.4-10.5)	0.012
A Montreal1
A1	Reference
A2	2.2 (-2.7 to 7.0)	0.380	-5.6 (-13.7 to 2.4)	0.164
A3	4.6 (-0.8 to 9.9)	0.092	-0.5 (-8.9 to 8.0)	0.913
L Montreal2
L1	Reference
L2	1.5 (-3 to 5.9)	0.515	-0.3 (-6.8 to 7.4)	0.933
L3	3.4 (0.5-6.4)	0.024	4.9 (0.1-9.7)	0.046

¹Age at diagnosis: A1: ≤ 16 years old; A2: 17-40 years old; A3: > 40 years old.

²Location: L1: Ileal; L2: Colonic; L3: Ileocolonic; L4: Upper gastrointestinal.

HBI: Harvey–Bradshaw Index; CI: Confidence interval.