Neurofeedback for autism spectrum disorder: Current evidence, challenges, and future directions

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Psychiatry. Feb 19, 2026; 16(2): 114358
Published online Feb 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i2.114358

Table 2 Emerging innovations in neurofeedback therapy and their clinical applications

Innovation domain	Key technological advance	Clinical application	Evidence strength
Hybrid neuromodulation	rTMS priming + NFT reinforcement	Enhanced reduction of repetitive behaviors and hyperactivity in ASD	Controlled trials[6]
Artificial intelligence integration	Machine learning-driven real-time parameter adjustment	Personalized training intensity based on moment-to-moment brain states	Platform development[3]
Telehealth expansion	Portable EEG devices with cloud connectivity	Home-based treatment for ASD with remote supervision	Market report[2]
Biomarker personalization	EEG neuromarkers (e.g., P300, gamma ratios) for prediction	Protocol selection based on individual neurophysiological profiles	Research validation[4]

rTMS: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; NFT: Neurofeedback therapy; ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; EEG: Electroencephalography.

Citation: Zhang Y, Wang JJ, Xing HY, Yan J. Neurofeedback for autism spectrum disorder: Current evidence, challenges, and future directions. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(2): 114358
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v16/i2/114358.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v16.i2.114358

Zhang Y, Wang JJ, Xing HY, Yan J. Neurofeedback for autism spectrum disorder: Current evidence, challenges, and future directions. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(2): 114358 [PMID: 41641215 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i2.114358]

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