Clinical investigation of postpartum depression risk factors and screening predictors

Figure 4 Independent risk factors for postpartum depression. This forest plot illustrates the multiple independent risk factors associated with postpartum depression, with psychological factors (depression history, marital discord, and insufficient social support) showing the strongest associations (odds ratios > 2.3). The analysis also reveals different risk patterns between primiparas and multiparas, with social support deficits being more influential for first-time mothers, whereas relationship discord poses a greater risk for multiparas, with all factors demonstrating statistical significance (P < 0.05).