Prevalence, severity, and risk factors for depressive and anxiety symptoms among adolescents: A cross-sectional study

Table 1 Social demography and clinical characteristics of adolescents included in the study (n = 22925), n (%)

Characteristic	Depressive symptoms			Anxiety symptoms
	With (n = 3678)	Without (n = 19247)	P value	With (n = 5515)	Without (n = 17410)	P value
Age (year), mean ± SD	14.36 ± 1.42	14.25 ± 1.54	< 0.001	14.45 ± 1.46	14.21 ± 1.54	< 0.001
Sex			< 0.001	-		< 0.001
Male	1548 (12.8)	10567 (87.2)		2395 (19.8)	9720 (80.2)
Female	2130 (19.7)	8680 (80.3)		3120 (28.9)	7690 (71.1)
Educational levels			0.475	-		< 0.001
Junior high school	2836 (16.0)	14944 (84.0)		4091 (23.0)	13689 (77.0)
Senior high school	842 (16.4)	4303 (83.6)		1424 (27.7)	3721 (72.3)
Regions			< 0.001	-		< 0.001
Urban	3183 (15.4)	17545 (84.6)		4856 (23.4)	15872 (76.6)
Suburban	495 (22.5)	1702 (75.5)		659 (30.0)	1538 (70.0)
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	21.13 ± 3.89	21.02 ± 3.78	0.109	21.19 ± 3.86	20.99 ± 3.78	0.001
Smoking			< 0.001	-		< 0.001
Yes	566 (22.4)	1956 (77.6)		772 (30.6)	1750 (69.4)
No	3112 (15.3)	17291 (84.7)		4743 (23.2)	15660 (76.8)
PSSS total scores, mean ± SD	49.50 ± 14.92	66.14 ± 14.49	< 0.001	52.21 ± 14.71	67.04 ± 14.39	< 0.001
Family support	15.70 (5.94)	22.23 (5.37)	< 0.001	16.85 (5.87)	22.56 (5.31)	< 0.001
Friend support	17.46 (5.97)	21.86 (5.18)	< 0.001	18.03 (5.66)	22.15 (5.15)	< 0.001
Significant others	16.34 (5.59)	22.04 (5.10)	< 0.001	17.33 (5.42)	22.33 (5.08)	< 0.001
Parental relationship			< 0.001	-		< 0.001
Harmony	1604 (10.0)	14412 (90.0)		2742 (17.1)	13274 (82.9)
Moderate	1647 (27.7)	4303 (72.3)		2277 (38.3)	3673 (61.7)
Conflict	427 (44.5)	532 (55.5)		496 (51.7)	463 (48.3)
Annual household income			< 0.001	-		< 0.001
Better	1169 (11.7)	8851 (88.3)		1882 (18.8)	8138 (81.2)
Good	1954 (17.7)	9068 (82.3)		2927 (26.6)	8095 (73.4)
Fair	555 (29.5)	1328 (70.5)		706 (37.5)	1177 (62.5)
Physical activity level			< 0.001	-		< 0.001
High	502 (11.5)	3866 (88.5)		804 (18.4)	3564 (81.6)
Medium	1274 (14.3)	7666 (85.7)		1936 (21.7)	7004 (78.3)
Low	1902 (19.8)	7715 (80.2)		2775 (28.9)	6842 (71.1)
WEDUT			< 0.001	-		< 0.001
High	1014 (26.0)	2882 (74.0)		1365 (35.0)	2531 (65.0)
Moderate	1330 (17.0)	6477 (83.0)		2048 (26.2)	5759 (73.8)
Low	1334 (11.9)	9888 (88.1)		2102 (18.7)	9120 (81.3)
FC			< 0.001	-		< 0.001
Yes	384 (21.6)	1396 (78.4)		540 (30.3)	1240 (69.7)
No	3294 (15.6)	17851 (84.4)		4975 (23.5)	16170 (76.5)

Independent samples t-tests were used to compare age, body mass index, Perceived Social Support Scale total score and subscale scores across symptom status groups (with/without) for both depression and anxiety, while χ² tests were used for other between-group comparisons. BMI: Body mass index; PSSS: Perceived Social Support Scale; WEDUT: Weekly electronic device usage time; FC: Functional constipation.