Electroencephalogram-guided anesthesia and postoperative anxiety and depression in elderly gastric cancer patients with sleep disorders

Table 4 Comparison of postoperative complications and recovery between electroencephalogram and control groups, n (%)

Outcome	Electroencephalogram group (n = 118)	Control group (n = 122)	Statistic	P value
Postoperative complications
Overall complication rate	38 (32.2)	59 (48.4)	χ² = 6.72	0.010
Postoperative delirium	10 (8.5)	21 (17.2)	χ² = 4.31	0.038
Duration of delirium (days) (mean ± SD)	1.7 ± 0.6	2.5 ± 0.9	t = -2.62	0.014
Postoperative nausea and vomiting	30 (25.4)	46 (37.7)	χ² = 4.27	0.039
Number of vomiting episodes (mean ± SD)	1.3 ± 0.6	2.2 ± 1.0	t = -5.05	< 0.001
Perioperative hypotension	16 (13.6)	30 (24.6)	χ² = 4.85	0.028
Pulmonary infection	6 (5.1)	15 (12.3)	χ² = 3.92	0.048
Wound infection	7 (5.9)	9 (7.4)	χ² = 0.19	0.659
Urinary tract infection	4 (3.4)	7 (5.7)	χ² = 0.76	0.384
Pain management
POD1 VAS score (at rest) (mean ± SD)	3.2 ± 1.1	3.9 ± 1.3	t = -4.65	< 0.001
POD1 VAS score (with movement) (mean ± SD)	5.1 ± 1.4	5.8 ± 1.5	t = -3.73	< 0.001
POD2 VAS score (at rest) (mean ± SD)	2.5 ± 0.9	3.0 ± 1.1	t = -3.89	< 0.001
POD2 VAS score (with movement) (mean ± SD)	4.2 ± 1.3	4.9 ± 1.4	t = -4.02	< 0.001
POD3 VAS score (at rest) (mean ± SD)	1.9 ± 0.8	2.3 ± 1.0	t = -3.46	0.001
POD3 VAS score (with movement) (mean ± SD)	3.6 ± 1.1	4.1 ± 1.2	t = -3.34	0.001
Cumulative analgesic consumption (morphine equivalent mg) (mean ± SD)	45.3 ± 12.8	58.7 ± 16.2	t = -7.24	< 0.001
Gastrointestinal recovery
Time to first bowel sounds (hours) (mean ± SD)	46.5 ± 12.8	53.2 ± 14.5	t = -3.82	< 0.001
Time to first flatus (hours) (mean ± SD)	62.3 ± 15.6	70.8 ± 16.9	t = -4.04	< 0.001
Time to first liquid diet (days) (mean ± SD)	3.5 ± 1.2	4.3 ± 1.5	t = -4.53	< 0.001
Early ambulation
Time to first out-of-bed activity (hours) (mean ± SD)	26.8 ± 7.6	32.5 ± 9.2	t = -5.21	< 0.001
6-minute walking test on POD3 (m) (mean ± SD)	152.6 ± 45.8	128.3 ± 40.6	t = 4.28	< 0.001
Hospitalization outcomes
Total length of stay (days) (mean ± SD)	12.6 ± 3.2	14.8 ± 3.5	t = -5.05	0.012
Postoperative length of stay (days) (mean ± SD)	10.8 ± 2.7	12.5 ± 3.0	t = -4.58	< 0.001
30-day readmission rate	4 (3.4)	8 (6.6)	χ² = 1.29	0.256

POD: Postoperative day; VAS: Visual Analog Scale.