©The Author(s) 2026.
World J Psychiatry. Feb 19, 2026; 16(2): 112817
Published online Feb 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i2.112817
Published online Feb 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i2.112817
Table 1 Characteristics of participants, n (%)
| Characteristics | Categories | Participants | NSSI | P value | |
| No | Yes | ||||
| Gender | Male | 6170 (34.6) | 6029 (34.7) | 141 (30.7) | 0.08 |
| Female | 11681 (65.4) | 11362 (65.3) | 319 (69.3) | ||
| Grade | 1st | 6155 (34.5) | 5979 (34.4) | 176 (38.3) | < 0.001 |
| 2nd | 4555 (25.5) | 4415 (25.4) | 140 (30.4) | ||
| 3rd | 4688 (26.3) | 4581 (26.3) | 107 (23.3) | ||
| 4th+ | 2453 (13.7) | 2416 (13.9) | 37 (8.0) | ||
| Race | Han | 17126 (95.9) | 16691 (96.0) | 435 (94.6) | 0.16 |
| Others | 725 (4.1) | 700 (4.0) | 25 (5.4) | ||
| Registered permanent residence | Rural | 7674 (43.0) | 7511 (43.2) | 163 (35.4) | 0.001 |
| Urban | 10177 (57.0) | 9880 (56.8) | 297 (64.6) | ||
| Siblings | No | 6154 (34.5) | 5983 (34.4) | 171 (37.2) | 0.24 |
| Yes | 11697 (65.5) | 11408 (65.6) | 289 (62.8) | ||
| Maternal educational attainment | Middle school or under | 9981 (55.9) | 9745 (56.0) | 236 (51.3) | 0.06 |
| High school | 4163 (23.3) | 4053 (23.3) | 110 (23.9) | ||
| College or above | 3707 (20.8) | 3593 (20.7) | 114 (24.8) | ||
| Parental educational attainment | Middle school or under | 8656 (48.5) | 8456 (48.6) | 200 (43.5) | 0.01 |
| High school | 4438 (24.9) | 4330 (24.9) | 108 (23.5) | ||
| College or above | 4757 (26.6) | 4605 (26.5) | 152 (33.0) | ||
| Family disaster | Yes | 1620 (9.1) | 1539 (8.8) | 81 (17.6) | < 0.001 |
| No | 16231 (90.9) | 15852 (91.2) | 379 (82.4) | ||
| Hospitalization experience | Yes | 1700 (9.5) | 1600 (9.2) | 100 (21.7) | < 0.001 |
| No | 16151 (90.5) | 15791 (90.8) | 360 (78.3) | ||
| Failed exams | Yes | 7360 (41.2) | 7066 (40.6) | 294 (63.9) | < 0.001 |
| No | 10491 (58.8) | 10325 (59.4) | 166 (36.1) | ||
| Failed relationships | Yes | 3401 (19.1) | 3207 (18.4) | 194 (42.2) | < 0.001 |
| No | 14450 (80.9) | 14184 (81.6) | 266 (57.8) | ||
| Smoking | Yes | 3165 (17.7) | 3019 (17.4) | 146 (31.7) | < 0.001 |
| No | 14686 (82.3) | 14372 (82.6) | 314 (68.3) | ||
| Drinking | Yes | 4401 (24.7) | 4185 (24.1) | 216 (47.0) | < 0.001 |
| No | 13450 (75.3) | 13206 (75.9) | 244 (53.0) | ||
| Rational diet | Yes | 2397 (13.4) | 2349 (13.5) | 48 (10.4) | 0.07 |
| No | 15454 (86.6) | 15042 (86.5) | 412 (89.6) | ||
| Physical exercise | Moderate or high | 3694 (20.7) | 3596 (20.7) | 98 (21.3) | 0.79 |
| Low | 14157 (79.3) | 13795 (79.3) | 362 (78.7) | ||
| Smartphone duration (hours/week), mean ± SD | 49.1 ± 29.9 | 48.9 ± 29.8 | 56.9 ± 31.5 | < 0.001 | |
| Smartphone duration (hours/week) | 0-21 | 4149 (23.2) | 4069 (23.4) | 80 (17.4) | < 0.001 |
| 21-42 | 2922 (16.4) | 2865 (16.5) | 57 (12.4) | ||
| 42-63 | 4626 (25.9) | 4508 (25.9) | 118 (25.7) | ||
| ≥ 63 | 6154 (34.5) | 5949 (34.2) | 205 (44.6) | ||
| Smartphone unlock frequency (times/week), mean ± SD | 390.9 ± 278.2 | 389.5 ± 276.4 | 437.1 ± 327.4 | < 0.001 | |
| Smartphone unlock frequency (times/week) | 0-50 | 4062 (22.8) | 3986 (22.9) | 76 (16.5) | < 0.001 |
| 50-150 | 5972 (33.5) | 5840 (33.6) | 132 (28.7) | ||
| 150-400 | 4249 (23.8) | 4128 (23.7) | 121 (26.3) | ||
| ≥ 400 | 3568 (20.0) | 3437 (19.8) | 131 (28.5) | ||
- Citation: Yin J, Wang GD, Wu PX, Yang H, Liu ZS, Zhang YP. Associations of excessive smartphone duration and unlock frequency with non-suicidal self-injury in college students. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(2): 112817
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v16/i2/112817.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v16.i2.112817