Interoceptive aberrations in major depressive disorder: Neural mechanisms, clinical correlates, and targeted interventions

Figure 2 Proposed integrative schematic model of interoceptive dysfunction in major depressive disorder. This schematic integrates the major assessment dimensions of interoception, related neural circuits and networks, clinical phenotypes, brain–body mechanisms, and intervention targets discussed in the review. It is intended as an integrative visual summary rather than an established causal model. MDD: Major depressive disorder; ACC: Anterior cingulate cortex; DMN: Default mode network; VAN: Ventral attention network; SMN-VN: Somatomotor-visual networks; IAc: Interoceptive accuracy; ISe: Interoceptive sensibility; IAw: Interoceptive awareness; OMT: Osteopathic manipulative treatment.