Potential impact of generalized anxiety disorder on future hypertension risk: Investigating the role of psychophysiological stress pathways

Table 5 Firth-penalized multivariable logistic regression analysis affecting new-onset hypertension

Variable	β	SE	χ2	P value	OR	95%CI
GAD (yes vs no)	0.837	0.324	6.684	0.010	2.31	1.23-4.38
Age (10 years per increase)	0.255	0.106	5.780	0.016	1.29	1.05-1.59
Male (yes vs no)	0.166	0.309	0.289	0.591	1.18	0.64-2.16
BMI (per 1 kg/m2 increase)	0.095	0.042	5.040	0.025	1.10	1.01-1.20
Smoking (yes vs no)	0.223	0.318	0.492	0.482	1.25	0.67-2.35
Drinking (yes vs no)	0.165	0.317	0.271	0.602	1.18	0.63-2.22
Sleep quality score (1 point per increase)	0.086	0.043	3.980	0.046	1.09	1.00-1.19
Baseline SBP (per 10 mmHg increase)	0.385	0.119	10.340	0.001	1.47	1.16-1.87
Family history of hypertension (with vs without)	0.372	0.301	1.525	0.217	1.45	0.80-2.62
Psychotropic/hypnotic meds (yes vs no)	0.301	0.365	0.681	0.409	1.35	0.66-2.77
Physical activity ≥ 150 minutes/week (yes vs no)	-0.412	0.294	1.961	0.161	0.66	0.37-1.18
High salt intake (yes vs no)	0.561	0.301	3.472	0.062	1.75	0.97-3.16

BMI: Body mass index; GAD: Generalized anxiety disorder; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.