Temporal association between physical restraint and venous thromboembolism risk among psychiatric inpatients: A matched case-control study

Table 2 Multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses for the association between physical restraint and venous thromboembolism, n (%)

Model	Cases (n = 127)	Controls (n = 423)	aOR (95%CI)
Model 1 PR exposure
PR (yes)	50 (39.37)	116 (27.42)	1.82 (1.16-2.85)
Model 2 PR duration in days
≤ 3	39 (30.71)	100 (23.64)	1.67 (1.04-2.70)
4-7	8 (6.30)	12 (2.84)	2.62 (0.93-7.40)
≥ 8	3 (2.36)	4 (0.95)	2.84 (0.52-15.65)
Model 3 cumulative PR hours
≤ 12	30 (23.62)	103 (24.35)	1.25 (0.75-2.08)
12-24	11 (8.66)	8 (1.89)	6.27 (1.98-19.90)
> 24	9 (7.09)	5 (1.18)	6.81 (1.92-24.36)
Model 4 interval between last PR and VTE diagnosis
≤ 7	37 (29.13)	34 (8.04)	5.29 (2.84-9.85)
8-14	3 (2.36)	31 (7.33)	0.38 (0.11-1.32)
≥ 15	10 (7.87)	51 (12.06)	0.82 (0.37-1.80)

All models were adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking status, use of antipsychotics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and venous thromboembolism-related risk factors with non-zero events. aOR: Adjusted odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; PR: Physical restraint; VTE: Venous thromboembolism.