Autonomic function characteristics and stratification analysis of adolescent patients with depressive disorders based on the low-frequency:high-frequency ratio

doi:10.5498/wjp.122815

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Psychiatry. Oct 19, 2026; 16(10): 122815
Published online Oct 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.122815

Table 2 Univariate analysis of Self-rating Depression Scale in adolescents with depressive disorders (n = 269), n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Item	Classification	SDS scores				P value
Item	Classification	Normal (n = 59)	Mild (n = 87)	Moderate (n = 78)	Severe (n = 45)	P value
Gender	Male	17 (28.81)	42 (48.28)	23 (29.49)	13 (28.89)	0.02^a
Gender	Female	42 (71.19)	45 (51.72)	55 (70.51)	32 (71.11)	0.02^a
Medical-seeking status	Initial onset	28 (47.46)	57 (65.52)	54 (69.23)	31 (68.89)	0.04^a
Medical-seeking status	Recurrent episodes	31 (52.54)	30 (34.48)	24 (30.77)	14 (31.11)	0.04^a
Place of residence	City proper	26 (44.07)	38 (43.68)	23 (29.49)	14 (31.11)	0.04^a
	Town	20 (33.90)	22 (25.29)	20 (25.64)	9 (20.00)
	Rural area	13 (22.03)	27 (31.03)	35 (44.87)	22 (48.89)
Payment method	At one’s own expense	38 (64.41)	35 (40.23)	36 (46.15)	17 (37.78)	0.02^a
Payment method	Medical insurance	21 (35.59)	52 (59.77)	42 (53.85)	28 (62.22)	0.02^a
Per capita monthly household income	< 3000	12 (20.34)	24 (27.59)	33 (42.31)	20 (44.44)	0.04^a
	3000-8000	25 (42.37)	39 (44.82)	28 (35.90)	17 (37.78)
	> 8000	22 (37.29)	24 (27.59)	17 (21.79)	8 (17.78)
Caregiver status	Parents	39 (66.10)	24 (27.59)	23 (29.49)	17 (37.78)	< 0.01^a
	Single parent (mother)	16 (27.12)	38 (43.68)	34 (43.59)	14 (31.11)
	Single parent (father)	4 (6.78)	25 (28.73)	21 (26.92)	14 (31.11)
Family relationships	Intimate	32 (54.24)	27 (31.03)	18(23.08)	11(24.44)	< 0.01^a
	Same as	12 (20.34)	30 (34.48)	30(38.46)	19(42.22)
	Drift apart	15 (25.42)	30 (34.48)	30 (38.46)	15 (33.34)
Adverse experiences	No	38 (64.41)	59 (67.82)	49 (62.82)	17 (37.78)	< 0.01^a
Adverse experiences	Yes	21 (35.59)	28 (32.18)	29 (37.18)	28 (62.22)	< 0.01^a
Body mass index	Normal	31 (52.54)	38 (43.68)	32 (41.03)	20 (44.44)	0.04^a
	Too light	15 (25.42)	28 (32.18)	20 (25.64)	11(24.44)
	Excess weight	10 (16.95)	10 (11.50)	16 (20.51)	2 (4.44)
	Fat	3 (5.09)	11 (12.64)	10 (12.82)	12 (26.63)
SAS scores	Normal	26 (44.07)	33 (37.93)	19 (24.36)	8 (17.78)	< 0.01^a
	Mild	26 (44.07)	34 (39.08)	28 (35.90)	6 (13.33)
	Moderate	6 (10.17)	17 (19.54)	19 (24.36)	13 (28.89)
	Severe	1 (1.69)	3 (3.45)	12 (15.38)	18 (40.00)
LF:HF ratio	Normal	35 (59.32)	43 (49.42)	21 (26.92)	18 (40.00)	< 0.01^a
	Markedly sympathetic bias	12 (20.34)	21 (24.14)	33 (42.31)	16 (35.56)
	Markedly biased toward the parasympathetic system	12 (20.34)	23 (26.44)	24 (30.77)	11 (24.44)
Disease duration factors (years)		0.2 (0-1.00)	0 (0-0.40)	0 (0-0.20)	0 (0-0.25)	0.02^b

^aχ² test.

^bRank sum test.

SAS: Self-rating Anxiety Scale; LF:HF: Low-frequency:high-frequency.

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Citation: Zhao YQ, Wang T, Liu N, Zhao P, Sun JJ, Peng AQ, Hu QC, Li J, Tang XW. Autonomic function characteristics and stratification analysis of adolescent patients with depressive disorders based on the low-frequency:high-frequency ratio. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(10): 122815
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v16/i10/122815.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.122815

Zhao YQ, Wang T, Liu N, Zhao P, Sun JJ, Peng AQ, Hu QC, Li J, Tang XW. Autonomic function characteristics and stratification analysis of adolescent patients with depressive disorders based on the low-frequency:high-frequency ratio. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(10): 122815 [DOI: 10.5498/wjp.122815]

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