Pakistani students’ physical activity and psychological well-being: A structural equation modeling approach

doi:10.5498/wjp.121800

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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World J Psychiatry. Oct 19, 2026; 16(10): 121800
Published online Oct 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.121800

Table 6 Comparison of alternative model structures

Model structure	χ² (df)	χ²/df	CFI	RMSEA (90%CI)	AIC	BIC	Conclusion
Parallel mediation model (original)	48.32 (24)	2.01	0.96	0.058 (0.035- 0.080)	248.50	312.20	Good fit; preferred for parsimony
Serial mediation model (PA → SE → sleep → MH)	52.17 (23)	2.27	0.94	0.067 (0.045-0.089)	254.30	320.10	Comparable fit but slightly worse
Single-mediator models (average of three)	-	-	-	-	-	-	Inferior to parallel model (by Δχ²)
Null model (no mediation)	156.80 (30)	5.23	0.50	0.142 (0.120-0.164)	-	-	Poor fit

CFI: Comparative fit index; RMSEA: Root mean square error of approximation; CI: Confidence interval; AIC: Akaike information criterion; BIC: Bayesian information criterion; PA: Physical activity; SE: Self-efficacy; MH: Mental health.

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Citation: Laar RA, Xiang HX, Zhang Q, Liu RR. Pakistani students’ physical activity and psychological well-being: A structural equation modeling approach. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(10): 121800
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v16/i10/121800.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.121800

Laar RA, Xiang HX, Zhang Q, Liu RR. Pakistani students’ physical activity and psychological well-being: A structural equation modeling approach. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(10): 121800 [DOI: 10.5498/wjp.121800]

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