Pakistani students’ physical activity and psychological well-being: A structural equation modeling approach

Table 5 Standardized direct and indirect relationships in the structural equation modeling model

Pathway	Standardized estimate (β)	P value	95%CI
Direct relationship
PA → psychological distress	-0.28	< 0.001	-0.37 to -0.19
PA → self-efficacy	0.48	< 0.001	0.40-0.56
PA → sleep quality	-0.35	< 0.001	-0.43 to -0.27
PA → social support	0.42	< 0.001	0.34-0.50
Self-efficacy → distress	-0.33	< 0.001	-0.41 to -0.25
Sleep quality → distress	0.26	< 0.001	0.18-0.34
Social support → distress	-0.21	0.001	-0.29 to -0.13
Sex-specific direct relationship
PA → distress (male)	-0.31	< 0.001	-0.42 to -0.20
PA → distress (female)	-0.24	< 0.001	-0.34 to -0.14
Institution type-specific direct relationship
PA → distress (public university)	-0.25	< 0.001	-0.35 to -0.15
PA → distress (private university)	-0.33	< 0.001	-0.44 to -0.22
Indirect relationship
PA → self-efficacy → distress	-0.16	< 0.001	-0.21 to -0.11
PA → sleep quality → distress	-0.12	< 0.001	-0.16 to -0.08
PA → social support → distress	-0.09	0.002	-0.13 to -0.05
Total indirect relationship	-0.37	< 0.001	-0.45 to -0.29
Total relationship (direct + indirect)	-0.65	< 0.001	-0.73 to -0.57

CI: Confidence interval; PA: Physical activity.