Glycemic indicators influence hypercoagulability via multisystem pathways in psychiatric inpatients: Structural equation modeling

Table 3 Descriptive summary of clinical variables and observed laboratory measures¹

Variable	Unit	Missing (n)	Missing (%)	mean ± SD	Distribution
Glycemic exposures
FPG	mmol/L	0	0	6.5 ± 3.0	5.6 (5.0-6.8)
FA	mmol/L	0	0	1.7 ± 0.4	1.6 (1.5-1.8)
HbA1c	%	0	0	5.7 ± 1.0	5.4 (5.2-5.8)
FA-ALBcorr		4	0.08	3.90 ± 0.82	3.72 (3.42-4.12)
Outcomes
D-dimer	μg/mL	663	13.32	0.3 ± 0.8	0.1 (0.1-0.3)
log(D-dimer)		663	13.32	0.24 ± 0.29	0.14 (0.06-0.29)
D-dimer (+)		663	13.32		622 (14.4)
Components/derived measures
TG	mmol/L	3	0.06	1.7 ± 1.4	1.3 (0.9-2.0)
TC	mmol/L	70	1.41	4.5 ± 1.0	4.4 (3.8-5.0)
LDL-C	mmol/L	3	0.06	2.6 ± 0.9	2.5 (2.0-3.1)
HDL-C	mmol/L	3	0.06	1.3 ± 0.4	1.3 (1.1-1.5)
SBP	mmHg	1	0.02	125 ± 17	124 (114-135)
DBP	mmHg	1	0.02	80 ± 11	80 (72-87)
Hb	g/L	33	0.66	135 ± 16	134 (125-146)
PAB	mg/L	5	0.1	286 ± 73	278 (236-327)
TP	g/L	4	0.08	70 ± 6	71 (66-74)
ALB	g/L	4	0.08	44 ± 4	44 (41-47)
FIB	g/L	641	12.88	2.7 ± 0.7	2.6 (2.2-3.0)
PLT	× 109/L	33	0.66	239 ± 69	233 (193-281)
APTT	seconds	641	12.88	28.8 ± 4.9	28.1 (25.8-31.0)
PT	seconds	641	12.88	11.4 ± 1.3	11.3 (10.8-11.9)
TT	seconds	641	12.88	15.3 ± 3.9	16.8 (11.1-18.6)
ALT	U/L	0	0	25 ± 26	17 (12-27)
AST	U/L	0	0	24 ± 19	19 (16-25)
GGT	U/L	73	1.47	25 ± 30	17 (12-27)
ALP	U/L	5	0.1	81 ± 32	75 (61-93)
TBIL	µmol/L	1	0.02	10.5 ± 6.3	8.9 (6.4-12.6)
DBIL	µmol/L	2	0.04	3.1 ± 2.3	2.5 (1.8-3.6)
BUN	mmol/L	1	0.02	4.8 ± 1.8	4.5 (3.7-5.6)
Cr	µmol/L	1	0.02	63.6 ± 17.1	61.0 (53.0-72.0)
WBC	× 109/L	33	0.66	7.3 ± 2.4	6.9 (5.6-8.6)
CRP	mg/L	612	12.3	3.1 ± 9.0	0.8 (0.5-2.5)
SAA	mg/L	37	0.74	13.6 ± 38.1	5.8 (3.9-9.5)
LDH	U/L	3	0.06	173 ± 47	164 (144-190)
NEU	× 109/L	101	2.03	4.8 ± 2.1	4.3 (3.3-5.8)
MONO	× 109/L	101	2.03	0.5 ± 0.2	0.5 (0.4-0.6)
LYM	× 109/L	101	2.03	1.9 ± 0.7	1.8 (1.4-2.3)
AIP		3	0.06	0.02 ± 0.31	0.00 (-0.20-0.23)
SIRI		101	2.03	1.56 ± 1.57	1.12 (0.71-1.84)
CONUT		105	2.11
Normal (0-1)					4144 (85.1)
Mild malnutrition (2-4)					721 (14.8)
Moderate severe (5-8)					6 (0.1)
PNI		105	2.11	53.4 ± 5.5	53.2 (49.6-56.8)
Covariates
Age	years	0	0	41 ± 18	39 (26-56)
Gender, male		0	0		1762 (35.4)
BMI	kg/m2	0	0	23.1 ± 4.3	22.7 (20.1-25.5)
Hypertension (+)		0	0		893 (17.9)
Diabetes (+)		0	0		595 (12.0)
Hyperlipidemia (+)		0	0		210 (4.2)
Smoking Status		0	0
No history					4189 (84.2)
Current					705 (14.2)
Former					82 (1.6)
Alcohol Status		0	0
No history					4312 (86.7)
Current					629 (12.6)
Former					35 (0.7)
Body temperature (+)		0	0		912 (18.3)
Psychiatric duration	years	0	0	9 ± 10	5 (1-12)

¹Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD and median (interquartile range), whereas categorical variables are reported as number (percentage). Percentages were calculated based on non-missing observations for each variable. D-dimer positivity [D-dimer (+)] was defined as a plasma D-dimer concentration > 0.5 μg/mL. Log-transformed D-dimer values were calculated as log(D-dimer + 1) to accommodate zero values and reduce skewness. Albumin-corrected fructosamine (FA-ALBcorr) denotes albumin-corrected fructosamine. The atherogenic index of plasma was calculated as log₁₀(triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio), and the systemic inflammation response index was defined as neutrophil × monocyte/ lymphocyte counts. Nutritional status was assessed using the Controlling Nutritional Status score and categorized as normal (0-1), mild malnutrition (2-4), or moderate to severe malnutrition (5-8). Abnormal body temperature [body temperature (+)] was defined as any recorded body temperature > 37.3 °C within the first 3 days after hospital admission and was treated as a binary variable (1 = criterion met; 0 = not met).

FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; FA: Fructosamine; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; FA-ALBcorr: Albumin-corrected fructosamine; D-dimer (+): D-dimer positivity; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; Hb: Hemoglobin; PAB: Prealbumin; TP: Total protein; ALB: Albumin; FIB: Fibrinogen; PLT: Platelet count; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; PT: Prothrombin time; TT: Thrombin time; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; Cr: Creatinine; WBC: White blood cell count; CRP: C-reactive protein; SAA: Serum amyloid A; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; NEU: Absolute neutrophil count; MONO: Absolute monocyte count; LYM: Lymphocyte count; AIP: Atherogenic index of plasma; SIRI: Systemic inflammation response index; CONUT: Controlling nutritional status; PNI: Prognostic nutritional index; BMI: Body mass index.