Network perspective on rumination and non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents with depressive disorders

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

World J Psychiatry. Jan 19, 2026; 16(1): 113130
Published online Jan 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i1.113130

Table 2 Scores of rumination subtypes and individual items of non-suicidal self-injury

Variables	mean ± SD
Rumination
R1: Symptom-focused rumination	2.92 ± 0.63
R2: Brooding	2.56 ± 0.69
R3: Reflective pondering	2.97 ± 0.69
NSSI
NSSI1: Deliberately pinching oneself	1.64 ± 1.40
NSSI2: Deliberately scratching oneself	1.48 ± 1.39
NSSI3: Intentionally banging one’s head against objects	1.36 ± 1.33
NSSI4: Intentionally punching walls, tables, windows or the ground	1.46 ± 1.39
NSSI5: Striking oneself with fists, slaps or hard objects	1.46 ± 1.39
NSSI6: Deliberately biting oneself	1.32 ± 1.44
NSSI7: Pulling out one’s own hair intentionally	1.00 ± 1.35
NSSI8: Stabbing or piercing oneself deliberately	1.33 ± 1.48
NSSI9: Deliberately cutting oneself	1.85 ± 1.60
NSSI10: Burning or scalding oneself intentionally	0.38 ± 0.93
NSSI11: Rubbing the skin with objects to cause bleeding or bruising	0.90 ± 1.28
NSSI12: Carving words or symbols into the skin	0.60 ± 1.12

NSSI: Non-suicidal self-injury.

Citation: Zhang FF, Guo R, Chen SL, Yang W, Liang XL, Ma MF. Network perspective on rumination and non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents with depressive disorders. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(1): 113130
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v16/i1/113130.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v16.i1.113130

Zhang FF, Guo R, Chen SL, Yang W, Liang XL, Ma MF. Network perspective on rumination and non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents with depressive disorders. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(1): 113130 [PMID: 41607447 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i1.113130]

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