Protective effect of Guanxinning on antipsychotic-induced cardiac impairment in long-term hospitalized psychiatric patients

Table 3 Baseline cardiac function and biochemical measures, mean ± SD

Measures	Guanxinning intervention group (n = 60)	Control group (n = 60)	P values
ECG parameters
QTc interval (millisecond)	462 ± 28	465 ± 30	0.572
Echocardiographic indicators
LVEF (%)	53.5 ± 4.9	53.2 ± 4.8	0.734
LVEDD (mm)	52.3 ± 3.7	52.6 ± 3.8	0.658
E/A ratio, median (interquartile spacing)	0.92 (0.81-1.05)	0.90 (0.79-1.03)	0.512
Serum biomarkers
cTnI (ng/mL), median (interquartile spacing)	0.012 (0.008-0.018)	0.013 (0.009-0.019)	0.628
BNP (pg/mL), median (interquartile spacing)	68 (45-95)	72 (48-98)	0.453
NT-proBNP (pg/mL), median (interquartile spacing)	125 (85-180)	132 (90-185)	0.389
Indicators of oxidative stress
SOD (U/mL)	85.3 ± 12.6	83.9 ± 13.1	0.545
MDA (nmol/mL)	4.8 ± 1.2	5.0 ± 1.3	0.371
GSH-Px (U/L)	168.5 ± 22.4	165.8 ± 23.1	0.512
Inflammatory markers
Hs-CRP (mg/L), median (interquartile spacing)	2.8 (1.5-4.6)	3.0 (1.7-4.8)	0.415
IL-6 (pg/mL), median (interquartile spacing)	3.2 (2.1-4.8)	3.4 (2.3-5.0)	0.378
TNF-α (pg/mL), median (interquartile spacing)	8.5 (6.2-11.3)	8.8 (6.5-11.6)	0.462
Metabolic indices
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	5.6 ± 0.8	5.5 ± 0.7	0.457
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.9 ± 0.9	5.0 ± 1.0	0.554
Triglycerides (mmol/L), median (interquartile spacing)	1.8 (1.3-2.4)	1.9 (1.4-2.5)	0.389
HbA1c (%)	5.8 ± 0.6	5.7 ± 0.5	0.312

ECG: Electrocardiography; QT: The time from the start of the Q wave to the end of the T wave; QTc: Corrected QT; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; E/A ratio: Early maximal ventricular filling velocity/atrial maximal ventricular filling velocity; cTnI: Cardiac troponin I; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; NT-proBNP: High N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; Hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c.