Electroacupuncture improves psychosocial outcomes in rectal cancer patients with bowel dysfunction

Table 5 Univariate Cox regression analysis for time to emotional remission (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety subscale reduction ≥ 3)

Variable	β coefficient1	HR (95%CI)	P value
LARS score (per 5-point increase)	0.31	1.36 (0.87-2.14)	0.008
Body image disturbance (BIS, per 5-point increase)	0.24	1.27 (0.81-1.99)	0.034
Self-efficacy (GSES, per 5-point increase)	-0.18	0.84 (0.53-1.31)	0.061
Social support (PSSS, per 5-point increase)	-0.22	0.80 (0.51-1.26)	0.048
Time since surgery (≤ 12 months vs > 12 months)	0.12	1.13 (0.72-1.77)	0.290
Surgical approach (open vs laparoscopic)	-0.05	0.95 (0.61-1.47)	0.711
Age (per 10-year increase)	0.07	1.07 (0.69-1.67)	0.518
Sex (male vs female)	0.03	1.03 (0.65-1.65)	0.889
BMI (per 1 kg/m2 increase)	-0.04	0.96 (0.83-1.12)	0.634
HADS-D baseline (per 3-point increase)	0.16	1.17 (0.92-1.51)	0.141
Brief COPE (per 5-point increase)	-0.09	0.91 (0.71-1.17)	0.456
Educational level (high school or below vs college or above)	0.14	1.15 (0.73-1.81)	0.553
Employment status (unemployed vs employed)	-0.08	0.92 (0.58-1.47)	0.724

¹β coefficients were obtained from univariate Cox proportional hazards models.

LARS: Low anterior resection syndrome; BIS: Body Image Scale; GSES: General Self-Efficacy Scale; PSSS: Perceived Social Support Scale; BMI: Body mass index; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression subscale; COPE: Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.