Impact of childhood trauma and parental socialization on at-risk mental state in non-clinical adolescents

doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i9.108465

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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World J Psychiatry. Sep 19, 2025; 15(9): 108465
Published online Sep 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i9.108465

Table 2 Variables related to trauma, n (%)

Characteristics		Overall sample	Controls	Low-risk	Intermediate-risk	High-risk (ARMS)	*χ²/F P* value**	ES CTR/significant differences
DTS (total score), mean ± SD		28.45 ± 27.32	16.06 ± 18.01	42.76 ± 25.44	69.91 ± 33.80	71.11 ± 31.15	128.03, < 0.001^c	0.363, C < B/C < I/C < A/B < I/B < A
DTS (cut-off point)	No	480 (70.8)	363 (89.2)	111 (48.5)	4 (17.4)	2 (10.5)	186.90, < 0.001^c	0.525, 12.9/-9.1/-5.7/-5.9 -12.0/9.1/5.7/5.9
DTS (cut-off point)	Yes	198 (29.2)	44 (10.8)	118 (51.5)	19 (82.6)	17 (89.5)	186.90, < 0.001^c	0.525, 12.9/-9.1/-5.7/-5.9 -12.0/9.1/5.7/5.9
Physical/emotional neglect	No	646 (94)	395 (95.9)	212 (91)	20 (87)	19 (100)	9.59, 0.032^a	0.118, 2.5/-2.4, -2.5/2.4
Physical/emotional neglect	Yes	41 (6)	17 (4.1)	21 (9)	3 (13)	0 (0)	9.59, 0.032^a	0.118, 2.5/-2.4, -2.5/2.4
Sexual abuse	No	681 (99.1)	411 (99.8)	228 (97.9)	23 (100)	19 (100)	6.62, 0.097	0.098
Sexual abuse	Yes	6 (0.9)	1 (0.2)	5 (2.1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	6.62, 0.097	0.098
Abuse	No	632 (92)	392 (95.1)	207 (88.8)	19 (82.6)	14 (73.7)	20.10, 0.001^b	0.193, 3.7/-2.2/-3, -3.7/2.2/1.7
Abuse	Yes	55 (8)	20 (4.9)	26 (11.2)	4 (17.4)	5 (26.3)	20.10, 0.001^b	0.193, 3.7/-2.2/-3, -3.7/2.2/1.7
Natural disaster	No	673 (98)	400 (97.1)	231 (99.1)	23 (100)	19 (100)	4.07, 0.203	0.077
Natural disaster	Yes	14 (2)	12 (2.9)	2 (0.9)	0 (0)	0 (0)	4.07, 0.203	0.077
Interpersonal event	No	673 (98)	407 (98.8)	226 (97)	22 (95.7)	18 (94.7)	4.09, 0.180	0.077
Interpersonal event	Yes	14 (2)	5 (1.2)	7 (3)	1 (4.3)	1 (5.3)	4.09, 0.180	0.077
Grief of a death	No	560 (81.5)	324 (78.6)	197 (84.5)	21 (91.3)	18 (94.7)	7.34, 0.056	0.103
Grief of a death	Yes	127 (18.5)	88 (21.4)	36 (15.5)	2 (8.7)	1 (5.3)	7.34, 0.056	0.103
Grief without a death	No	667 (97.1)	403 (97.8)	223 (95.7)	22 (95.7)	19 (100)	3.07, 0.363	0.067
Grief without a death	Yes	20 (2.9)	9 (2.2)	10 (4.3)	1 (4.3)	0 (0)	3.07, 0.363	0.067
Interpersonal problems	No	635 (92.4)	382 (92.7)	215 (92.3)	20 (87)	18 (94.7)	1.18, 0.778	0.042
Interpersonal problems	Yes	52 (7.6)	30 (7.3)	18 (7.7)	3 (13)	1 (5.3)	1.18, 0.778	0.042
Others	No	552 (80.3)	343 (83.3)	180 (77.3)	17 (73.9)	12 (63.2)	7.77, 0.049^a	0.106, 3, -2.3
Others	Yes	135 (19.7)	69 (16.7)	53 (22.7)	6 (26.1)	7 (36.8)	7.77, 0.049^a	0.106, 3, -2.3

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

DTS: Davidson Trauma Scale; ARMS: At-risk mental state; ES: Effect size evaluated by Partial Eta Squared; CTR: Corrected typified residuals.

Citation: Jovani A, Moliner-Castellano B, Gimeno Vergara R, Benito A, Marí-Sanmillán MI, Castellano-García F, Haro G. Impact of childhood trauma and parental socialization on at-risk mental state in non-clinical adolescents. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(9): 108465
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v15/i9/108465.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i9.108465